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;-NRLF 


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LIBRARY 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


Gl  FT    OF 


Class 


4-2.L 


FOUNDED    BY    JOHN    D.  ROC  1C  K:   I      : 


THE  USE  OE  THE  INFINITIVE  IN  POLYBIUS 

COMPARED  WITH  THE  USE  OF  THE 

INFINITIVE  IN  BIBLICAL  GREEK 


i 


CHI 
[E  UNI 

1907 


Ube  'dnfv>ersfts  of 

FOUNDED    BY  JOHN   D.  ROCKEFELLER 


THE  USE  OF  THE  INFINITIVE  IN  POLYBIUS 

COMPARED  WITH  THE  USE  OF  THE 

INFINITIVE  IN  BIBLICAL  GREEK 


A  DISSERTATION 

SUBMITTED    TO    THE    FACULTY    OF    THE    GRADUATE    SCHOOL    OF   ARTS 
AND    LITERATURE    IN    CANDIDACY    FOR    THE    DEGREE 

OF  DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 
(DEPARTMENT  OF  BIBLICAL  AND  PATRISTIC  GREEK) 


BY 
HAMILTON  FORD  ALLEN 


t    IWVERSVTY 

' 


CHICAGO 

THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO  PRESS 
1907 


COPTKIGHT  1907  BY 
THE  UNIVBKBITY  OF  CHICAGO 


Published  August  1907 


Composed  and  Printed  By 

The  University  of  Chicago  Press 

Chicago,  Illinois,  U.  S.  A. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

INTRODUCTION  -                                                                                      .  7 

BIBLIOGRAPHY  -                                                            -                 «        „  g 

SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  USES  OF  THE  INFINITIVE  IN  POLYBIUS    -  15 

I — Uses  of  the  Anarthrous  Infinitive  in  Polybius     -  17 

II — Uses  of  the  Articular  Infinitive  in  Polybius      "  -  29 

III — Uses  of  the  Infinitive  Characteristic  of  Polybius                             -  45 

IV  —  Tables  of  the  Uses  of  the  Infinitive  in  Polybius  and  in  Biblical 

Greek                                                                                        .         .  46 

V  —  Comparison  of  the  Uses  of  the  Infinitive  in  Polybius  and  in 

Biblical  Greek      -  -51 

VI  —  Uses   of   the    Infinitive   Found  in   Biblical  Greek  but  Not   in 

Polybius      -                                                                                      -  52 

VII  —  Causes  of  the  Peculiarities  in  the  Use  of  the  Infinitive  in  the 

Biblical  Books     -                                               -         .    ,     .         -  54 

VIII — Conclusion       -                                                                                      -•  59 


161424 


•ITY 


INTRODUCTION. 

THE  purpose  of  this  study  is  to  make  a  thorough  investigation 
of  Polybius'  use  of  the  infinitive  and  compare  the  results  thus 
obtained  with  the  use  of  the  infinitive  in  biblical  Greek,  and  yet 
not  with  the  whole  of  biblical  Greek  as  represented  in  the  Old 
Testament,  Apocrypha,  and  New  Testament,  but  with  certain 
selected  books. 

Polybius,  a  native  Greek  who  lived  during  the  second  century 
B.  c.,  wrote  his  history  in  forty  books  in  the  common  dialect, 
which  was  then  the  language,  not  only  of  Greece,  but  of  all  the 
East.  And  he  wrote,  not  in  a  highly  refined  style,  but  as  an 
educated  man  of  affairs  might  write  of  events  in  which  he  was 
interested  from  personal  experience. 

It  was  just  because  of  the  widespread  use  of  Greek  in  the  East 
that  it  became  necessary  to  have  a  translation  of  the  Hebrew 
sacred  writings  into  Greek  for  the  use  of  the  Hellenistic  Jews, 
and  that  new  writings  were  composed  in  that  language  and  not 
in  Hebrew. 

The  purpose,  then,  is  to  compare  the  use  of  the  infinitive  in 
Polybius  with  its  use  in  two  books  (Genesis  and  Wisdom  of 
Sirach)  which  were  translated  from  Hebrew,  and  in  two  books 
(II  and  IV  Maccabees)  which  were  originally  written  in  Greek. 

"The  Use  of  the  Infinitive  in  Biblical  Greek"  has  already 
been  investigated  and  the  results  published  by  Professor  Clyde 
W.  Votaw,  of  the  University  of  Chicago.  He  also  very  kindly 
provided  me  with  unpublished  material  on  the  same  subject. 

All  of  my  work  on  Polybius  was  done  before  I  discovered  that 
"The  Articular  Infinitive  in  Polybius"  had  been  studied  and  the 
results  of  the  study  published  by  E.  G.  W.  Hewlett  in  the  eleventh 
volume  of  the  American  Journal  of  Philology.  When  the  discovery 
of  this  admirable  piece  of  work  was  made,  along  with  the  disap- 
pointment there  was  some  satisfaction  in  the  fact  that  my  results 
coincided  so  exactly  with  those  of  Hewlett. 
295]  7 


8  HISTORICAL    AND    LINGUISTIC    STUDIES 

The  texts  used  in  this  study  were,  for  Polybius  the  edition  of 
Hultsch,  the  first  eight  books  in  the  second  edition,  and  for 
biblical  Greek,  Swete's  edition  (Vols.  I  and  II)  in  the  second 
edition,  1895-96;  Vol.  Ill,  1894). 

I  wish  to  express  my  great  indebtedness  to  Professor  Ernest 
D.  Burton  for  his  assistance  and  interest  in  the  matter  of  this 
study,  but  especially  for  the  inspiration  received  in  past  years  of 
association  with  him. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

I.       LEXICONS,    EDITIONS,    GRAMMARS,    AND    SYNTAX. 

Schiueighaeuser,  Joannes.  Lexicon  Polybianum  ab  Is.  et  Merico  Casaubonis 
olim  adumbratim  inde  ab  lo.  Aug.  Ernesti  elaboratum  nunc  ab  Joanne 
Schweighaeusero  passim  emendatum  plurimisque  partibus  auctum. 
Oxonii  excudebat  W.  Baxter,  impensis  G.  et  W.  B.  Whittaker,  Londini; 
et  J.  Parker,  Oxonii,  MDCCCXXII. 

Hultsch,  Fridericus  Otto.     Polybii  Historiae.     Vols.  I,  II,  editio  altera,  1888- 

92;  Vols.  Ill,  IV,  editio  prima,  1870-72.     Berlin. 
Sivete,  Henry  Barclay.    The  Old  Testament  in  Greek  according  to  the  Septua- 

gint.     Vols.  I,  II,  2ded.,  1895-96;  Vol.  Ill,  ist  ed.,  1894.      Cambridge. 

Blass,   Friedrich.     Grammar  of  New  Testament  Greek.     Transl.  by  H.  S. 

Thackery.     London,   1898. 

Brugmann,¥i.Y.Chr.     Griechische  Grammatik.     3te  Aufl.     Miinchen,  1900. 
Buttmann,  Alexander.      A  Grammar  of  the  Greek  New  Testament.     Transl. 

by  J.  H.  Thayer.     Andover,  1895. 
Kruger,  K.  W.     Griechische   Sprachlehre  fur  Schulen.     $te  Aufl.     Leipzig, 

1875- 
Kiihner,  Raphael.     Ausfiihrliche  Grammatik  der  griech.  Sprache.     4  vols. 

3te  Aufl.     Leipzig,  1890-1904. 

Meyer,  Gustav.     Griech.  Grammatik.     3te  Aufl.     Leipzig,  1896. 
Winer,  G.  B.    A  Treatise  on  the  Grammar  of  New  Testament  Greek.    Transl. 

by  W.  F.  Moulton.     3d  ed.  Edinburgh,  1882. 

Burton,  Ernest  DeWitt.  Syntax  of  the  Moods  and  Tenses  in  New  Testa- 
ment Greek.  3d  ed.  Chicago,  1898. 

Delbriick,  Berthold.  Vergleichende  Syntax  der  indogerm.  Sprachen.  Drei 
Teile.  Strassburg,  1893-1900. 

Goodwin,  William  Watson.  Syntax  of  the  Moods  and  Tenses  of  the  Greek 
Verb.  Boston,  1890. 

II.       DISSERTATIONS,   PROGRAMMES,    MONOGRAPHS   AND    PERIODICALS. 

Albrecht,  Carolus.  De  accusativi  cum  infinitive  conjunct!  origine  et  usu 
Homerico.  Leipziger  Studien,  Bd.  IV,  pp.  1-58.  Leipzig,  1871. 

Amelung,  Ricardus.     De  Polybii  enuntiatis  finalibus.     Diss.,  Halle,  1901. 

A  merican  Journal  of  Philology.     Baltimore.     (Abbreviated  A  ././>.) 

Anz,  Henricus.  Subsidia  ad  cognoscendum  Graecorum  sermonem  vulgarem 
et  pentateuchi  versione  Alexandrina  repetita.  Diss.,  Halle,  1894. 

297]  9 


10  HISTORICAL    AND    LINGUISTIC    STUDIES 

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Lugduni-Batavorum,  1878. 
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Eichstatt,  1894. 
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Straboniano.     Diss.,  Lipsiae,  1897. 
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Beitrage,  Heft  7.     Wurzburg,  1888. 
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ones  selectae.     Diss.,  Marpurgi  Cattorum,  1884. 
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1891,  1892,  1894. 
Campe,  ].  F.  C.    Quaestionum  Polybianarum  specimen.    I,  Prg:,  Neu  Ruppin, 

1849;  II,  Prg.,  Greiffenberg,  1855. 

Delbriick,  Bertholdus.     De  infinitive  Graeco.     Diss.,  Halle,  1863. 
Diet,  Henricus.     De  enuntiatis  finalibus  apud  Graecarum  rerum  scriptores 

posterioris  aetatis.     Diss.,  Monachii,  1894. 
Eberhard,  Alfred.     Observationum  Polybianarum  particula.     Diss.,  Berolini, 

1862. 

Eichner,  Uber  die  Partikel  <&<rre.     Prg.,  Gleiwitz,  1882. 
Englich,  Gustavus.     De  infinitive  Homerico.     Diss.,  Vratislaviae,  1867;  also 

Prg.,  Schrimm,  1868. 
Fassbaender,    Franz.     Quaestiones    grammaticae   ad    Polybium    pertinentes. 

Prg.,  Crefeld,  1889. 
Fellmann,  Maximilianus.      De  ws,  &<rre  particulis  consecutivis  earumque  trag. 

Grace,  poet,  vi  et  usu.     Diss.,  Vratislaviae,  1883. 
Fleischer,  C.  H.      De  primordiis  Graeci  accusativi  cum  infinitive  ac  peculiar! 

eius  usu  Homerico.     Diss.,  Lipsiae,  1870. 
Forrsmann,  Theodorus.     De  infinitivi  temporum  usu  Thucydideo.     Leipziger 

Studien,  Bd.  VI,  Heft  i.     Leipzig,  1873. 
Gildersleeve,  Basil  L.     Contributions  to  the  History  of  the  Articular  Infinitive. 

Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Ass.,  1878. 

The  Articular  Inf.  in  Xenophon  and  Plato.     A.J.P.,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  193-205. 
The  Articular  Inf.  Again.     A./.P.,  Vol.  VIII,  pp.  329-37. 
Note  on  Some  Various  Constructions  in  the  LXX.     A.J.P.,  Vol.  XXVII, 

pp.  105,  106. 
Encroachments  of  rf  on  otf  in  Later  Greek.     A.J.P.,  Vol.  I,  p.  50,  n.   I ; 

p.  53,  n.  i;  p.  54,  p.  57- 
Glaser,  Otto.     De  ratione,  quae  intercedit  inter   sermonem  Polybii  et  eum, 

qui  in  titulis  saeculi  III,  II,  I  apparet.     Diss.,  Gissae,  1894. 
Goetzeler,  Ludovicus.     De  Polybii  elocutione.     Diss.,  Wurzburg,  1887. 
Graef,  Hermannus.     De  coniunctionis  ws  origine  et  usu.     Prg.,  Memel,  1874. 

298 


THE    INFINITIVE    IN    POLYBIUS  11 

Griinewald,  L.     Der  freie  formelhafte   Infinitiv  der   Limitation  im  Griech. 

Schanz's  Beitrdge,  Bd.  II,  Heft  3.     Wurzburg,  1888. 
Gulick,  Charles  Burton.     On  the  Greek  Infinitive  after  Verbs   of  Fearing. 

Harvard  Studies  in  Classical  Philol.,  Vol.  XII,  1901. 
Hentze,  C.     Der  Accusativ   cum    infinitive   bei   Htfmer.     Zeitschr.  filr  das 

Gymnasium.     Berlin,  1866. 

Herbst,  Ludwig.     tJber  &v  beim  Futur  in  Thukydides.     Prg.,  Hamburg,  1867. 
Hertlein,  F.  K.     Conjecturen  zu  griech.  Prosaikern.      Prg.,  Wertheim,  1873. 

Zu  Polybios.     Fleckeiserfs  Jahrb.,  Bd.  CXV  (1877)  PP-  33~39- 
Herivig,  G.  L.  C.     De   particularum   conjunctione  quae   est  ^  ofl.     Diss. 

Marburg,  1875. 
Herzog,  Ernst.     Die  Syntax  des  Infinitivs.      Fleckeisen's  Jahrb.,   Bd.  CVII 

(1873).  PP.  1-33. 
Hewlett,  E.  G.  W.     On  the  Articular  Inf.  in  Polybius.     A.T.P.,   Vol.   XI, 

pp.  267-90,  440-70. 
Hoehne,  Adolphus.     De  infinitivi  apud  Graecos  classicae  aetatis  poetas  usu 

qui  ferturpro  imperative.     Diss.,  Vratislaviae,  1867. 
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Prg.,  Dresden,  1869. 
Anzeige  v.  Polybii  historia  ed.  L.  Dindorf,  Vols.  I,  II.     Fleckeiserfs  Jahrb., 

Bd.  XCV(i867),  PP-  289  ff. 
Der  absolute  genitiv  des  Infinitivs.    Fleckeiserfs  Jahrb.,  Bd.  CXXIX  (1884), 

pp.  742  ff. 

Ober  den  Hiatus  bei  Polybius.     Philologus,  Bd.  XIV,   1859,  pp.  288-319. 
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pp.  813  ff.;   Bd.  XCV,  pp.  564-66,  624,  676;  Bd.  XCVII,  p.  392;   Bd. 
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gemeingriech.  Sprache.  Abhandl.  des  philol.-hist.  Klasse  der  kgl. 
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Pappus,  in  indice  graecitatis  suae  s.  v.  /*ij,  ^Sa/xwj,  ni)dt,  J^TC. 
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I  (1879),  pp.  32-58. 
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12  HISTORICAL    AND    LINGUISTIC    STUDIES 

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300 


THE    INFINITIVE    IN    POLYBIUS  18 

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Jahrb.,  Bd.  C  (1870),  pp.  187-92. 
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(1868),  pp.  427-31- 
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tantes.     Prg.,  Bautzen,  1889. 
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1883. 
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Chicago,  1896. 
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301 


SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  USES  OF  THE  INFINITIVE  IN 

POLYBIUS. 
I.     THE  ANARTHROUS  INFINITIVE. 

1.  Verbal  Subject. 

1)  Of  Impersonal  Verbs  in  general =a. 

2)  Of  Impersonal  Verbs  which  take  Indirect  Discourse=M. 

2.  Verbal  Object. 

1)  Of  Verbs  in  general=b. 

2)  Of  Verbs  introducing  Indirect  Discourse=3i. 

3)  Of  Verbs  of  Hindering  and  the  like=v. 

a)  Followed  by  the  Simple  Infinitive. 

b)  Followed  by  the  Simple  Infinitive  with  /M). 

3.  Apposition  =  c. 

4.  Result. 

1)  Actual  or  Hypothetical. 

a)  With  <SnrTe  (<!»*)  =f. 

b)  With  <&<rre(wt)  d*=5f. 

c)  With  Sxrrf  in  Indirect  Discourse=7f. 

2)  Epexegetic  or  Explanatory. 

a)  Without  Attendant  Particle=s. 

b)  With  ArTe(«J;j)=Is. 

5.  Stipulation. 

1)  With  <&<rTe=*f. 

2)  Withty'  v,  W  (5re=m. 

6.  Limiting  Nouns,  Adjectives,  Adverbs,  and  Pronouns. 

1)  Nouns. 

a)  Simple  Infinitive=h. 

b)  Infinitive  with  w»=xh. 

2)  Adjectives=g. 

3)  Adverbs^'g. 

4)  Pronouns=q. 

7.  Prepositional  Object  (after  irXi^)=k. 

8.  Purpose. 

1)  a}  Distinct  and  Specific  without  Attendant  Particle=d. 
b)  Distinct  and  Specific  with  &rre=e. 

2)  Modified  and  General  without  Attendant  Particle=o. 

9.  Parenthetic  Absolute  Infinitive=r. 
10.    Predicate  Infinitive=u. 

303]  15 


16  HISTORICAL    AND    LINGUISTIC    STUDIES 

11.  With  irpLv,  irpiv  77,  irpdrepov  ^=x. 

12.  Infinitive  with  Genitive  Absolute- \v. 

13.  Infinitive  with  Accusative  Absolute=z. 

II.     THE  ARTICULAR  INFINITIVE. 

1.  Verbal  Subject.     Infinitive  with  r&  as  Subject=fl. 

2.  Verbal  Object. 

1)  a}  With  r6  as  Object=£. 

b)  With  TOU  as  Objeci=bb. 

c]  With  T$  as  Object=<^. 

2)  With  Verbs  of  Hindering,  etc.=z/. 

a)  With  r6  as  Object. 

b)  With  TOG  as  Object. 

<:)  With  roO  ^  as  Object. 

3.  Apposition=r. 

a)  With  r6. 

b)  With  TOW. 
<:)  With  TV. 

4.  Purpose. 
Infinitive  with  roC=<?. 

5.  Limiting  Nouns  and  Adjectives. 

a)  Infinitive  with  rou  Limiting  Nouns=^. 

b)  Infinitive  with  roO  Limiting  Adjectives  —gt 

6.  Prepositional  Object=>£. 

1)  With  TOU  after  Prepositions  taking  the  Genitive. 

2)  With  r£  after  Prepositions  taking  the  Dative. 

3)  With  T&  after  Prepositions  taking  the  Accusative. 

7.  Infinitive  with  r£  indicating  Cause,  Manner,  Means,  or  Instrument=r. 

1)  a)  Cause. 

fr)  Ground  of  Emotion. 

c)  Point  of  Difference. 

2)  Means. 

8.  Infinitive  with  roO  after  Comparatives. 

a)  The  Infinitive  with  rov=t. 

b)  ws  with  the  Infinitive  with  TOU=Z/ 

9.  Infinitive  with  r6  as  Predicate^**. 

10.  Infinitive  with  roO  in  Genitive  Absolute=o/. 

11.  Infinitive  with  Accusative  Absolute =2. 

12.  Infinitive  with  TO  as  Accusative  of  Relation=#. 

13.  Infinitive  with  TOU  as  Genitive  of  Price^^r. 

304 


CHAPTER  I. 
USES  OF  THE  ANARTHROUS  INFINITIVE  IN  POLYBIUS. 

I.  VERBAL  SUBJECT. 

1)  Of  impersonal  verbs  in  general  (=a)."37* — The  infininitive, 
with  or  without  a  subject  accusative,  is  used  as  the  subject  of  an 
impersonal  verb,  finite  or  infinite.     Goodwin,  Moods  and  Tenses, 
745;  Kiihner,  Grammatik,  472,  a).1 

I.  I.  I    TrapaXeXttyOai  (rvve'/Jcuvc  TOV  ITTCUVOV.      I.  67.  6;    1.75.  4. 
I.  2.  8    c^eorat  Karavoetv. 
I.  3.  7    «fS«  ypa^ctv. 

I.  3.  8   dvay/catov  VTreAa/Jo/xev  emu  o-vvTa£ao'0ai. 
I.  14.  5   xp?)  cvAoyeu/. 
I.  14.  9   CTKOTreii/  wdpeo-Tiv. 
I.  15.  9   o-vvaSav  ovSayaw?  Swarat. 
I.  30.  3   !8o£ev  ftorjOtiv. 
I.  38.  6  Tucrrevoxu  pa'Siov. 
I.  56.  II    ovx  olov  TC  aTroSovvai. 
I.  65.  9   Xprj(ri.iJ,6v  fcm  Trapcurnyoxu. 

I.  62.  8  €?rt  TOurSe  <$>i\iav  eivat  Kap^Sovtbis  Kat  'Pw/xeu'ois.  3.  22.  4,  24.  3; 
9.  40,  52.  Cf.  G.  MT.  750;  .O/fc.  474  and  b. 

There  is  one  case  of  this  infinitive  with  av,  the  infinitive 
having  the  potential  force  of  the  corresponding  indicative  or 
optative.  G.  MT.  211. 

I.  75.  6  e£  oil/  crvve'/Scuve  TOVS  Kap^r/Sovt'ovg  /XT)  otov  crrparoTreSw  TT/S  X^P0-1* 
£7rt^8atVeiv,  aAAa  /XT/Sc  TOVS  KUT'  tStiav  OeXoP ras  SiaTrecreti/  pa3i(os  av  Svvacr^at 
Xa^etv  TOVS  VTrcvavTtovs. 

2)  (9/  impersonal  verbs  which  take  a  subject  infinitive  in  indirect 
discourse  (=xi).109 — The  infinitive  in  indirect  discourse  is  used  as 
the  subject  of  passive  verbs  of  saying  or  thinking,  or  of  such  verbs 
as  (fxiiverai  or  So/cet.     Polybius  uses  So/eel  almost  to  the  exclusion 
of  any  other  verb.     G.  MT.  751. 

*  Superior  figures  indicate  the  number  of  instances  of  each  use  of  the  infinitive. 
1  Hereafter  cited  as  G.  MT.  and  Kiih. 
305]  17 


18  HISTOKICAL    AND    LINGUISTIC    STUDIES 


1.1.2    a.v  8o£at  KaOrJKtiv.       1.   IO.  3. 

1.4.     IO     VO/UOTeOV   O-V[JL/3a.\\€<T6ai. 

2.  14.   I    8o*eT  //.oi  xpr/cri/xov  elvai. 

2.  21.  8    r/i/  (pareov  apxyyov  y(vio~6ai. 

3.  30.    4   Travrws   o/xoAoy^reov     evAdyws     TreTroAe^/ceVai     TOV    TroAe/xov 


2.  VERBAL  OBJECT.  —  The  infinitive  in  Greek  is  used  as  the 
object  of  many  verbs  which  require  an  infinitive  to  complete  their 
meaning.  The  infinitive  is  the  accusative  object  of  the  verb,  or 
is  an  accusative  of  kindred  meaning.  G.  MT.  747;  Kilh.  473. 

I  )   Object  of  verbs  in  general  (  =  b  )  .  3533  — 

.   I.  4   TrpoyprjiJieda  ypd<f>e.iv. 
.2.6   ov8'  €7re/?aAovro  a/j,<f>i(T/3r)Teiv. 
.  3.  6    eOdppirjo-av  e/creiWiv. 
.  5»  2    oiaj3a,iv€iv  wp/xrycrav. 
.  9.  2   /JouAo/xei/os  a7roAi7reu>. 
.  II.  12   CKpive  Sia/avSweveiv. 
.  19.  2   Trapayyet'Aas  irpOTropevecrOai. 
.  40.  7    TrpocrTa^as  xpfj&Oai. 
•  54-6   €7re«rav  ^>vyeiv. 

.  43.  7    Trapa  fj.iK.pov  r)\6ov  a,7roAe(rat  ra  Tr/my^ara;    cf.  12.  2O.  7. 
33.  I.  4   Trap'  oAtyov  ^A$ov  aTroAvtrat  roiis 


The  infinitive  as  object  of  verbs  of  commanding  has  not  been 
placed  under  a  separate  head  in  this  study.  The  infinitive  after 
verbs  of  bidding  in  salutations  does  not  occur  in  Polybius,  but 
does  occur  in  biblical  Greek. 

jj  for  /Jia\\ov  r)  after  /SouAofuu,  Kilh.  540,  A.  2. 


13.  5.  3   TTOV  yap  /3ov\r)OijvaL  TOV  QiXiinrov   ava8e£ao-@ai   r)  Karat^avrj 
PoSibts  T>)V  ev  Tovrot?  avrov  irpoa.ipf.o~iv. 

2)  Object  of  verbs  introducing  indirect  discourse  (  =  2i).2^1  — 
"The  infinitive  is  said  to  stand  in  indirect  discourse,  and  its  tenses 
correspond  to  those  of  the  indicative  or  optative,  when  it  depends 
on  a  verb  implying  thought  or  the  expression  of  thought  (one  of 
the  class  of  verba  sentiendietdeclarandi),  and  when  also  the  thought, 
as  originally  conceived,  would  have  been  expressed  by  some 
tense  of  the  indicative  (with  or  without  av)  or  optative  (with 

306 


THE    INFINITIVE    IN    POLYBIUS  19 

az>),  so  that  it  can  be  transferred  without  change  of  tense  to  the 
infinitive."  —  G.  MT.  684. 

I.  3.  8   avayKcuov  V7reA.a/3o//,ev  emu. 

I.  21.  IO   a/covcras  rov  ordAov  arvveyyvs  etvat. 

I.  23.  2    7rv0d/xevos  TropOtlv. 

I.  25.  5    vo/xt£ovTes  TTCTTOIT/CT&U. 

I.  29.  4   TreTraoTxeVoi  Trot^creo-^ai. 

I.  49.  3    €$17  KaLpov  elvat. 

8.  13.  8   ov/c  av  oT/xat  Svv^^vat  Adyov  avrov  cbroSovvai. 

28.  23.  4   €<£>;  pr)  KwXu'av.       £.  MT.  685. 

I.   4.    7     o'oKOVO'lV  Tt  7Ta(7^€tV. 

1.  1  6.  II    ovros  OOKCI  a7roA.eA.avK€vai  T/)S  iSt'as  ev^SovXtas. 

2.  17.  12   09  av  TrXctcTTOvs   «Xav   &OKfj-      J-    J3'   9>    J4-    Tj    3-  7-  2>  IJ6.  7J 

4.  2.  3. 

I.  32.  7    TTCTreto'/xei'Ovs  /xr/Sev  av  Tra^ctv  8«vov.       1.  68.  7. 
I.  59.  3   v7roXa/A/?avovT€s  /xdva>s  av  OVTODS  Trcpas  C7ri0ewu  TO)  TToXe/u-o).    I.  70.  5; 

2.    13.   6,40.    5. 

Future  infinitive  with  av.      £.  MT.  208;  Kith.  398.  I,  d). 

8.  30.  8   TOVS  8<  vo/xiVavras  av  oiKr}<Ttiv  OVTODS  apt(7Ta  Kara  TOV  xprjtrfjiov. 

Infinitive  in  an  indirect-discourse   clause   introduced   by  cm, 
<w9,  etc.,  three  times.     Kith.  550,  A.  3. 

1  2.  23.  7    /xot  SoKcT  7T€t(r^vat  TY/uuos  a)?,  Kav  avro?  d^iw^vac.      7.  15.  4. 
31.  20.  4  VTreScucvvev    avra7    StoTt    KaAAtorov    cu/ai     Katpov    C7ri<^av^vat    rots 


Also  15.  2.  8,  if  &>?  is  retained  in  the  text.  Vide  Schweig- 
haeuser,  Lexicon  Polybianum,  under  article  &>?. 

This  infinitive  also  occurs  in  relative  clauses  depending  on  an 
indirect  quotation  which  has  been  introduced  by  an  infinitive. 
Cf.  G.  MT.  755;  Kiih.  594,  5. 

5.  67.  6   %<j>7)  KvpiwroVas  eTvat  Kai  Si/caiOTara?  KTT/crets,  Ka^'  a?  avrot?  Ka.6rfKf.LV 

TO.  Kara.  KotXryv  S^piav. 
21.  31.  8    (t^ty)  cv  TOVTO)  8c  Sta/xapraveiv    r^v    orvy/cATyTOV,    cv    <S    T^V    opyrjv 

<f>fptiv  €7rt   TOVS  TroXXovs.      Also   ii.  34.  5;  12.  5.  8%  9.  45  1  8.  3.  8. 
I  8.  38.  8   ei  TC  Kat  /xevctv  Irt  T^V  crv/A/Aa^iav,  8etv  avrov?  KO/xi'^ecr^at  K.T.X. 

In  34.  8.  I  the  infinitive  occurs  in  a  relative  clause  which  de- 
pends on  a  cm-clause: 

<j>r]crlv  on  fidXavoi   ctcrt    ev  TJJ   avroOi    BaXdrrrj  7rc<^)VTCv/x,€vat,   wv  TOV    /capTrov 
TOVS    ^vvvovs   7riatvecr0at. 
307 


20  HISTORICAL   AND    LINGUISTIC   STUDIES 

The  infinitive  with  av  occurs  twice  in  indirect  discourse  after 
w?  of  comparison:  10.  38.  2;  34.  5.  4. 

3)  Object  of  verbs  of  hindering,  separation,  etc.  (=v).4° — The 
infinitive  is  used  as  the  object  of  verbs  of  hindering,  separation, 
denial,  doubt,  mistrust,  contradiction,  opposition,  etc. — verbs 
which  contain  a  negative  in  themselves.  They  may  take  either 
(a)  the  simple  infinitive,  or  (b)  the  infinitive  with  fjuj,  which 
merely  repeats  the  negation  inherent  in  the  verbs.  G.  MT.  807- 
10;  Kiih.  514,  2,  3,  4,  5,  and  notes. 

a)  Simple  infiinitive.33 

2.  7-  5   T6/l?  °^K  w  cvXajSi/fleiiy  TOVTOIS   ey^etptVat  TroAtv.       2.   32.  8;    8.    12. 

s;  9-  36.  10. 

2.  52.  8   a7rei7rov  avru)  Trope  vecr&u. 

3.  69.  I32  Stw/cetv  Kat  (TU//,7rA.€Kecr0ai  TOIS   TroAe/u'ots   e/«oAvo-e.       3.  79.  7;   3. 

98.  5  and  n  others. 

4.  1 8.  8   ots  r}iri<TTr)<rav  €Xetv- 

14.  I.  4   ov  yap  (ZTreytvoxrKe  avrov  Kopov  *X€LV'      5.  72.  7;   cf.  7.  15.  4. 

8.  13.  5   ovSets  av  eTrecr^e  crw  Kaipta  TTOLtja-acrOaL  /xcraySaortv.      9.  I.    6. 

9.  6.  8   ov;j(  oXws  aTreXTrt^ovres  at/37/cretv  TT)V 'Pw/xryv.     15.  25.  295    16.  30.  5. 
12.  5.  42  ov/c     S)Kvrj(ra.    KOL    Xeyeti/     Kat    ypa^>etv.         16.    20.   5;   18.   55.    9; 

21.  23.  12. 

£)  Infinitive  with  ^.7     AT^.  514.  E. 

1.  78.  15   SuyTreiAiytraTO  firjOtva  <£epeiv  oTrAov. 

2.  55.  9   ov  CIKOTWS  e^apvovvrat  /xi)  <J>vvai  Trapa  (T<}>Lcri. 

4.  2O.  II    apvrjOfjvai  n  fMj  ytvwcrKetv  ovSev  ator^pov  ^yorvrat. 

15.  13.  9    CKooXvore  /x^  TrapaSt^ao-Oai.      22.  II.  3. 
1 8.  47.  2   Trpor/yo/oevov  /AT)  Sta^Saivetv. 

29.  24.  2    aTreuraTO  /XT)  ^petW  e^etv. 

There  are  thus  thirty-three  cases,  after  eight  different  verbs 
of  the  simple  infinitive  without  ^77,  to  seven  cases,  after  six  verbs, 
of  the  infinitive  with  ^77.  /ctoXutw,  which  has  the  infinitive  seven- 
teen times,  has  ft?}  but  twice.  Cf.  below  "Verbs  of  hindering," 
etc.,  with  the  infinitive  with  rou  and  roO  fitj. 

3.  APPOSITION  (=c).Sl — The  infinitive  may  stand  in  apposi- 
tion with  a  noun  or  pronoun.  G.  MT,  745;  Kiih.  472,  c. 

I.  85.  4   6/AO\oyias  eTroojcraTO  rotavras,  e^eTvat  Kapx^ovt'ots  fK\c£acr9ai  8e/ca, 
TOVS  §€  AOITTOVS  a<£tevcu. 

308 


THE    INFINITIVE    IN   POLYBIUS  21 


3.  103.  7   aiptiTiv  avTw   TrpovYeive  Totavrrjv,   17   Kara  /ze/oos    ap^civ  17 

rots  (7^>£T€/ooi5  Kara  r^v  avrov  Trpoai'peo-iv.      4.  15.  I  ff.7J    5-  91-  ^  2,  I°4» 

ii3,  109.  2;  8.  19.  io2;  12.  6.  32;  12.  25b.  i3;  etc. 

4.       RESULT.427 

I  )   Actual  or  hypothetical. 

a)  With  preceding  aVre  or  a>9  (=f).383  —  Jn  classical  Greek  the 
infinitive  with  VCTTC  or  o>9  implies  no  more  than  that  the  action  or 
state  of  the  principal  verb  "is  of  such  a  nature  as  to  be  followed 
by  another  consequence."  It  seems,  however,  that  in  later  Greek 
the  distinction  between  &O-TC  with  the  indicative  and  wore  with 
the  infinitive  was  obscured,  and  that  wcrre  with  the  infinitive  was 
often  used  when  it  was  intended  to  state  that  the  result  of  the 
action  or  state  of  the  principal  verb  was  actually  realized. 
G.  MT.  582  ff.;  Kiih.  584;  Brief  I,  p.  43  ff-J  Gildersleeve  A.J.P. 
VII,  161  ff.;  XIV,  240  ff.;  Burton  369;  Blass  69,  3. 

Actual: 
I.  20.  15   /uas  veo>5    KaTa<£paKTOu    TrpOTrecrovo-T/s    wore    CTTOKet'Aao'av 

rots  Pu>/uu<ns  viro\€Lpiov. 

I.  26.  15   €7rt  /Miiav  7ra/ocKT€iVavTC?  vavv  a>s  vTre/orctVetv  e^  (Kartpov   TOV 
TOVS  Tr/30  eavraiv.      2.  8.  12. 

Hypothetical: 

5-    24.    5     TO  X^plOV   CTTtVcSoV    €(TTt    O)(TT€    TOV    O-TpttTOTTcScvO-aVTa    €V    avTO)     O\>KCIV 


6.  52.  II    cv  Sc   prjOtv  tKavov  €o~Tat  (rr)fj.ciov  rfjs  TOV  TroXiTev/xaTos  O'TTOVO^?,  ^i/ 
TTOicTrat  Trcpt  TO  TOIOVTOVS  aTTOTcXetv  avSpa?  wo'TC  Trai/  VTTO/XCVCIV. 

£)  a)o-re  with  the  infinitive  with  av  (=sf).16  —  The  infinitive 
with  av,  not  in  indirect  discourse,  may  follow  oWe  to  express  a 
consequence  in  potential  form,  like  the  potential  indicative  or 
optative.  G.  MT.  592,  211;  Kiih.  585,  2. 

I.  37.  I    T^XIKOVTO)  7repi€7reo-ov   x€t/x^vt  Ka'   T^XiKavYcus   o~u/a<£opats  oio*T€  ft  778' 

av  ciTTttv  d^to)9  Svvacr^at. 

5.97.6   TO)  ai^vtSt'a*  Kat  7rapa8o^a»  KaT€7rA.^£aTO  TOVS   McXiTateT?,  <oo*T€   paSt'to? 

av  Kparija-aL   T^S  7roXea>5.        I.  63.  7;    5.  104.  II  ;    6.  II.  II,  12.  9,    14. 

12,  46.  io;  8.  15.3;  io.  30.3;  18.46.  9;  29.24.  14;  32.7.  9;  39.  9.  7- 

c)   aWre   (a>?)   with  infinitive  in  indirect  discourse   (=7f).s  — 

&O-TC  is  used  five  times  with  the  infinitive  in  indirect  discourse. 

G.  MT.  594,  595,  608;  Kiih.  584,  2,  f. 

309 


22  HISTOEICAL    AND    LINGUISTIC    STUDIES 

I.  1  5'  32   TOV    fji€v    'le'pwva   <j>r]cn    /xera   rrjv    yevo/xa/vyv   o-v/XTrXo/o/v   OVTWS 

yevecrOai  TOV    <ppov€LV  awrre  /xr)  /xovov   <£vy€u/   VVKTOS  eis  TOLS 
dXXa   Kat  TO,  (ppovpLa  Travra  KaTaXtTrav.      3.  47.  9*;   21.  31.  10. 

The  infinitive  in  these  five  cases  is  aorist  and  the  negative  is 
fjiij.  av  is  used  with  three  infinitives. 

2)  Epexegetic  or  explanatory  infinitive?* 

a)  Without  attendant  particle  (—  s).14  —  The  infinitive  may  be 
used  as  an  addition  explanatory  of  the  action  or  state  of  the  verb 
which  it  limits.  Kiih.  472,  c. 

II.  29.  13   Trpos   Se   TOV?    plrtOVf    aKaTaXXa/CTco?  Sta/cet/xe^a,    /coA.a£eiv   avrovs 


36.  3.  6*   aAAa  KaKoiv  at/Detreto?    /caraXetTro/xevrys,  ^    TOV    TroXe/xov 

yevvatW  17  StSovat  Tr^v  einTpOTrrjv  TTf.pl  TWV  /ca^'  avTOvs      And  n.  14.  63. 

In  i.  62.  8s;  3.  22.  4;  3.  24.  43  the  simple  infinitive  is  used 
explanatory  of  the  preceding  demonstrative  pronoun,  eirl  rolaBe. 
Cf.  infra  after  efi  $=m. 

b)  With  axrre  (=Js).8     G.  MT.  588  end. 

5.    35'    12     TttVTT^V  T^V   C7ri/3o\r]V,   0)(TTJ    €K7T€/JL7r€LV  dVTOV  ttCTOL    ^Op^yttt?. 

I.  18.  10  et?  TOVTO  o~w>7yoi/TO  WCTTC  TroXXdtKts  jSovAevecr^at  rre/ot  TOV  Xvetv 
r^v  TroAtopKtW.  2.  68.  8;  3.  48.  4,  63.  13,  102.  42;  25.  4.  5. 

5.  STIPULATION. 

i)  &CTT€  with  the  infinitive  (=+f).x3  —  The  infinitive  with  wore 
may  express  a  stipulation,  condition,  or  limitation  of  the  action 
or  state  expressed  in  the  principal  clause.  G.  MT.  587,  2;  Kiih. 
584,  2,  e. 

5.  2.  8  6  8'  'ATreAAr/s  Trot-emu  o-vvco/xocrtiai/  OKTT'  IxctVoUf  e^eAo/ca/ceTv  Kat 
A.v/xatveo-0ai,  TOL?  TOV  ^Sao-tXew?  xpeias,  avTos  Se  ^(o/oto-^ets  eis  XaA/aSa 
(jjpovTL^tw  Tva  fj,rjBuifj,66€v  avTw  ^oprjyia  TrapaytVvyTat  TT^OOS  TO.S  eTrtySoXas. 

5.  103.  7  /ceXevcras  evri  TOVTOIS  Trporf.LVf.LV  rrjv  tipyvyv  Tots  AiTcoXoTs  a>o-T> 
€^ai/  d/x<j!)OTe/3Ovs  a  vvv  c^ovo*tv.  21.  30.  2,  3,  4;  33.  13.  6. 

Cf.  "Epexegetic  infinitive"  and  "Infinitive  in  apposition." 
2)  e^'  w  and  eft  wre  with  the  infinitive  (=m).43  —  'E(/>'  o5  and 
€0'  o5re,  meaning  "on  condition  that,  for  the  purpose  of,"  and 
correlated  with  an  eVt  TOVTO)  expressed  or  understood  in  the 
principal  clause,  may  take  the  infinitive.  G.  MT.  610;  Kiih.  584, 
A.  3. 

310 


THE    INFINITIVE    IN    POLYBIUS  23 


I.  1  6.  9   TroirjadfJLtvoi    Se   crw^r/Kas    €c/>'    u>    TO,  [jitv  ai^/xaXwra     aTroSowat    TOV 

/3a(riA.eaeP<D/Aatots,  dpyvptov  8e  7rpoo-0eTvat  raAavra  TOVTOIS  e/carov. 
7.    9.     13     (rvvOrjo-ofAeOa,     l<j>'    a>    re     /U,T)    e^etvat    avrots    apacrOai    Trpos 


8.  27.    I    ISoo-av  TrtWet?  e?rt  Tou'rot?,  e</>'  (S  TapavTiVous   eA.ev#epd>o-eiv  /cat 

<#>opov?  Tr/oa^eo-^at.     (Note  the  future  infinitive.) 
€</>'  ai  re  occurs  but  twice.   7.  9.  4,  13. 
«7Tt  Toirra),  c^>'  tu    5.  67.  io2. 

€7Tt  TOVTOtS,   €</)'    (U     5.    76.    I  O2  J    8.    27.    I.    24. 
«7Tt   TOlO-Se,   €<^>'    (S     7.    4.   I,    2. 

€</>'  w  with  demonstrative  omitted,  i.  16.  9*;  i.  31.  8,  88.  12;  2.  46. 
3;  etc. 

In  i.  62.  8s;  3.  22.  4,  24.  33,  the  simple  infinitive  is  found  after 
€7rl  Tola-Be;  vide  "Epexegetic  infinitive=s."  Kuh.  584,  A.  4. 

6.  INFINITIVE  AFTER  NOUNS,  ADJECTIVES,  ADVERBS,  AND  PRO- 
NOUNS. —  The  infinitive  may  be  used  after  nouns,  adjectives, 
adverbs,  and  pronouns  denoting  ability,  fitness,  ease,  time,  need, 
and  their  opposites;  in  fact,  all  such  as  express  the  same  rela- 
tions as  verbs  which  take  an  infinitive.  G.  MT.  758;  Kuh.  473,  3. 

1)  Nouns  (=h).166 
a)  Simple  infinitive. 

I.  13.  I   A-t'yav  wpa  Trcpi  TCOV  Trpo/cei/xc'vwv. 

1  .  15.  II    avdyKrj  <rvy\<Dpeiv  Tas  dp^a?  /cat  ras  V7ro0€'<m?  emu 

1  .  49  .  3   Kaipov  e?vcu  irktlv. 

1.  78.  13  /A€#'  eaurov  crvo-Tparevctv  c£ou<ruxv  tSw/ce. 

2.  8.  IO   'Pto/Atuoi?  KoiAAtorov  €^o?  e(TTt  /u,CTa7ropci/€(7^at  Kai 

2.  25.  ii    Trpo^etrtv  €^ovT€5  TroAiopKetv  Toi>?  crv/>t7r£^)evyoTa5. 

3.  86.  ii    TrapayyeA/w-a  Tt  ScSo/xevov  ^v  <j>ovtvtw  TOV?  V 

3.  Il8.  4   p-€yaXas  8'  ct^oi/  cXTrtSa?  r^5  'Pci/ar;?  avr^?  tcrtvOai 

4.  80.  12    A.a/3ovrcs  8c  crvy^oopr;/ia  Trot^cracr^ai  T^V  aTroXvcrtv. 

5.  28.  4   ev  ats  ^v  TrapaKArytrts  Oapptiv  /cat  /xtvetv. 

Also  8vva/xts,  Kvpta,  op/ar;,  evroAry,  etc. 

^)  Infinitive  with  a>?  (=xh)1.  —  Besides  the  simple  infinitive 
after  nouns,  there  is  one  occurrence  of  <w?  with  the  infinitive  in 
the  same  construction.  £.  MT.  588,  608;  ATwA.  585,  5. 

3.  II.  3   cycvero  Tts  Katpos  a>s  €?rt   Xdyov  d^^vat  rr/v  VTTOLKovpovptvrjv  droTTtav 
cv  avTOis;    cf.  i.  49.  3. 

2)  Adjectives  (=g).I2° 

311 


24  HISTOBICAL   AND    LINGUISTIC   STUDIES 

I.  I.  4   LKavov  €(TTI  irpOKa\€(ra<TOai  Kai  Trapopfjifjarai. 
I.  54.  3   €K<f>vy€iv  Svvaros  <av. 

I.   62.    I     €TOt/AOt  TToAc/ACtV  ^(TttV. 

1.  74.  9   crwrjflet?  TTOTC  /uev  VTro^wpeTv  TTOTC  8c   7raA.iv  e/c  /Aera/SoXi}? 

2.  50.  6  TOVS  McyaXoTroXira?  TrpoOv/JLOvs  eli/ai 

2.  58.  IO  /xet£ovo?  rv^ctv  ^<rav  d^tot  Tt/xwptas. 

3.  IOI.  3   irpoxupos  a>v  0-v/xrrXeVco-^at. 

3.  IO2.  3  OVTC  yap  di/Te£ayeiv  d|toxpews  ?v  ovre 

3.  112.  9   Seivot  yap  'Pa>/>tatot  Kai  ^eovs  €^tA.a(rao-^at  Kai  av0/>a>7rovs. 

4.  8.  IO   KtvSvvevcrat  Sv&xprjarTOi. 

Also  €7TtT7y8eios,  Kvpios,  dya^os,  !VO/>KOS,  etc. 


3)  Adverbs  (=Tg).8 

1.  51.  9   8tc/C7rA.€tv  Kat  €7n<f>aiv€<rO(u  dSwaTws  ei)(ov. 

2.  50.  4  ot  MeyaAoTroATrai  irpoOvfius  ecr^ov  uvat  /cat  Trapa/caXetv.   21.  22.  I. 

4)  Pronouns  (olo?,  olos  re  and  ocros  (=q)/9 

1.  26.  2   ovx  otot'  T'  ^<rav  €7rtTp€7rctv. 
!•  36-  3   otot'  T'  av  ava<f>ep€LV. 

IO.  23.  7   «8ei  orvvc^t^eti/  CTTI  TOCTOVTOV  WOTC  Sctvw  T<O  ra^et  Trpoo-ayetv,  <<£'  oo-ov 
crv^vyovvras  Kat  (rvcrrot^ovvras  Sta/aei/eiv. 

39-   14.    5     8ta^)€pOtTO    §€    €7Tt    TO(TOVTOV   €0'   OCTOV  8tSa(TK€tV    Kttt    Ttf.LQf.IV  VTT€p    T&V 
d/X  <^>  KTftvjT  O  V/A  €VO)  V  . 

In  10.  29.  i;  29.  8.  4  Hultsch  corrects  otos  to  olds  re. 

PREPOSITIONAL  OBJECT  (=k).2  —  TT\^,  which  is  used  six  times 
as  a  quasi-preposition  with  the  genitive  of  the  articular  infinitive, 
is  twice  used  as  an  adverb  with  the  anarthrous  infinitive.  G.  MT. 
803  b;  Kiih.  479.  2. 

6.  32-  6  ovSev  fTtpov  Set  voetv  TrA/^v  Suo  (rrpaTtas  o-vvrjpiJioo-Oai. 

8.  37.  4  oWra<£(ov  ovScv  TrX^v  erot)u,ovs  eTvat  Trpos  TO  TrapayyeXAd/xevov. 

8.    PURPOSE.46 

i)  Distinct  and  specific. 

a)  Without  attendant  particle  (—  d).13  —  The  infinitive  is  used 
to  express  the  distinct  and  specific  purpose  of  the  action  or  state 
of  the  governing  verb.  G.  MT.  770-75;  Kuh.  473,  7  and  A.  13. 

2.  8.  12   a)?  €7ra7TOO-retXat  Ttvas  rov  Trapp-rjcriacrdfjLevov  TWV  7rp«r/?ea>v 
5'  3-  5   To^s  $*  MaKeSdva?  e^/cc  o-troXoyetv.   5.  8.  43J  8.  33.  6. 

7.  17.  9.  TOVS  8e  Sta  T^S  TrvXry?  d^xetg  ctpyetv  rov? 

312 


THE    INFINITIVE    IN    POLYBIUS  25 

5.  14.  II    ws  av  SiaTeray/MeVoi  /nev  TT/OO?  TOV  'ATreAAr/v  7ra<rais  e/ATroSietv  rats 

eViySoAats  avrov. 
i.  88.  9;  6.  58.  6;  35.  4.  9;  3.  70.  7  (vide  Hultsch;  Fleckcisen,  1864,  p.  447; 

1884,  p.  742). 

In  Polybius  the  infinitive  is  always  active  or  middle,  never 
passive. 

b)  With  preceding  ojo-re  (or  &)?)  (=e).8  —  wore  with  the  infini- 
tive may  be  used  to  express  a  consequence  which  is  aimed  at  as 
a  purpose.  G.  MX.  587,  3;  Kiih.  584,  2,  d. 

3.  92.  6   avriirapriyf.  rots    TroAe/Aibts,    owrre    /AT)   So/ecu/    rots   avroiv 


1  6.  37.  2   e^aWo-TetXe  TOVS  eViAocTOvs,  wore  CTrtTpe^av  r^v  AaKwviKiyv.     3.  43. 
4;  8.  9.  12*;   10.46.  i,  46.  7;  32.  7.  12. 

2)  Modified  and  general  without  attendant  particle  (=ro).as  — 
"The  infinitive  is  used  to  express,  with  diminished  purpose  force 
and  with  a  general  rather  than  a  specific  bearing,  that  for  which, 
or  with  reference  to  which,  the  action  or  state  of  the  governing 
verb  is  performed  or  exists."  Cf.  Burton  368. 

3.  8.  10  rt  av  CITI-CU/  €Xoi,  and  4.  26.  3;  8.  13.  7;  9.  35.  5;  n.  29.  7;  16. 

39-  5;  3°-  9-  5;  34-iQ.  7. 

1.  7.9  ov  fJiTjv  ei^ov  ye  TTOICIV  ovSev,    i.   21.   7,  81.  i;  3.  10.  3;    16.   2O.    7; 

3°-  3-  6. 

2.  12.  8   aTreSe'&n/TO  ^CTc'xetv  'Pw/Wovs.  3.  112.  5;  4.   51.   5,   77.  4';  5.   83. 

4,  in.  6;  10,  28.3;  12.  12.  7;  31.  21.  9;   38.  8.  7. 
Cf.  Luke  7:40;  12:4;  Acts  4:14. 

9.  PARENTHETIC  ABSOLUTE  INFINITIVE  (=r).34  —  This  use 
occurs  thirty-four  times  in  parenthetic  phrases  which  limit  or 
qualify  the  whole  statement  or  only  some  word  in  the  sentence. 
G.  MT.  776-83;  Kiih.  585,  3. 

I.    I.    2     0)S   €7TOS   eiTTCU/.12 

3.  49.  7   ws  etTretv.8 

3.  6.  4  TroAAoO  ye  8etv.s 
5.  52.  13   fUK/oov  Setv.4 

Each  of  the  following  occurs  once. 


4.  2.  3 

33.  6.  3    d>s  e/xot 

313 


26  HISTORICAL    AND    LINGUISTIC    STUDIES 


I.    2.    6     ICT^Vaj?   €LTT€LV. 

1.  4.  3    ocrov  ye  Kal  fjiAas  eiSe'vai. 

21.  20.  5  re'Aos  8'  etTretv.    (aTrAcos  8'  eiTmv  8.  ii.  13  in  a  quotation  from 
Theopompus.) 

10.  PREDICATE   INFINITIVE  (—  -u).28  —  The  infinitive    may    be 
used  as  a  predicate  nominative  or  accusative.  G.  MT.  745;  Kiik. 
472,  b.     In    Polybius,    however,    it   is  used  only   as    predicate 
nominative. 

2.  49.  I    avrat  (evroAas)  8'  rjcrav  V7ro8eiKvwat  Kat  8r;Aovv. 

5.  99.  2    17  yap  oXrj  7rpo^e(7ts  ^v  aura?  7775  (TTpaTet'as  e^eAeiv  ras  ®rj/3a<s. 

6.  33.    2    6  opKOs  ecrriv  fj.r)$€v    fcXfyeiV,    oAAa  /cav  «fy>»7   rt,    TOUT'  dvotcrav   «7rt 

TOVS  x^apxovs.     8.  18.  y2;  10.  38.  5;  18.  9.  i:  27.  7.  n. 

11.  n/otV,3  T/0^  ^»23  Tfporepov  ij6  WITH  THE  INFINITIVE  (=x).32 
^.  MT.  626-31,  651-54;  /£&#.  568,  I,  d.  —  Infinitive  with  trpiv: 
9.  43.  2  (perf.  inf.);   n.  25.  2  (pres.  inf.);   16.  22.  4  (aor.  inf.). 
In  9.  43.   2  the  7r/>tV-clause  is  preceded  by  a  verb  compounded 
with  TT/OO.     In  each  the  leading  sentence  is  affirmative. 

9.  43.  2   7r/3O€/c8a7ravaTat  irpiv  fKJ3o\r)v  ets  OdXarrav  rrCTrot^u^at. 

Infinitive  with  irplv  ij.  —  In  the  leading  sentence  ^Odvco  occurs 
once,  I.  66.  3;  irpoadev  once,  6.  49.  2;  irporepov  six  times,  10.  32. 
10;  12.  6b.  9;  14.  2.  6,  7;  29.  27.  2;  31.  I.  i;  verb  compounded 
with  TT/DO'  once,  12.  5.  7.  In  every  case,  except  4.  85.  6  (pres. 
inf.),  frplv  tf  is  used  with  the  aorist  infinitive,  trplv  tf  with  the 
infinitive  follows  a  negative  clause  eleven  times:  4.  31.  i,  85.  6; 
6.  49.  2;  10.  45-  45  12.  6b.  9;  14.  2.  6,  7;  29.  27.  2;  30.  23.  42; 
31.  i.  i.  Occurrences  not  cited  above  are:  i.  20.  12;  4.  85.  5; 

5.  60.  9;  5.  74.  i2;  24.  13.  4;  28.  6.  7;  33.  ii.  5;  37.  i.  12. 

6.  49.  2   JU-T;  TrpovQcv  Xvcreti/  T^I/  TroAtop/a'av  Trpiv  17  eAetv  rryv  Meorcnyv^v. 

Cf.  7rjoh>  ^  with  indicative  after  negative  clause. 

39.  II.  6  ov  Trporepov  eX^e  irplv  r)  8te<£0ei/oe  TO,  /xctpaKia. 

Infinitive  with  irporepov  rj:  follows  a  positive  clause  four  times; 

1.  58.  6;  2.   35.  6;  6.  23.  n;  15.   18.  i;  a  negative  clause  twice: 
13.  ia.  i;   18.  35.  i. 

2.  35.   6   Trcuras  c^eXey^axrt    ras    (T^eTepas    eATrtSas    Trporcpov    17 

TIVO5  Toiv  dvayKattuv. 

314 


THE    INFINITIVE    IN    POLYBIUS  27 

12.  INFINITIVE  WITH  THE  GENITIVE  ABSOLUTE  (=w).18  —  The 
infinitive  is  used  as  the  genitive  subject  of  the  neuter  impersonal 
participle  in  the  genitive  in  place  of  the  omitted  noun  or  pro- 
noun. Kiih.  486,  i,  A.  2;  Spieker  pp.  336  f.;  Goetzeler  p.  26. 

1.  36.  82  Trpoo-TrecrdvTO?   8'    avroT?    e£apTveiv    TOV    crroAov    rovs  'Ptuyaatoi;?  Kat 

/xeAAetv  av#is  CTTI  TT/V  A.ij3vr)v  iroieL&Oai  TOV  TrAovv.   2.  54.  10;    3.  40.  2; 
5-  46.  52,  55.  4»  62.  44;  7.  3.  7;   10.  42.  i. 

2.  70.  i    TrpocrayyeA^e'vTOs  avra)  TOVS  'lAAvptovs  iropOtiv  TTJV  ^wpav.    2.  5.  6;  O. 

7.  7;   cf.  8.  29.  i;   10.   41.  4. 
2.  26.  7    8d£avTOS  8e  (r^t'crt  xpr)(ra.crOai  rots  Trapovcrtv.       Cf.  2.  50.  9. 

Cf.  Demosthenes  (ed.  Baiter  Kaiser)  17.  28;  23.  169;  23.  143;  24.  80; 
35.  52;  56.  18;  50.  17;  59.  116. 

Polybius  has  several  other  ways  in  which  to  express  the 
same  thought. 

(i)  A  noun  may  be  the  subject  of  a  finite  verb. 

21.   25.    8     7TpO(T€7rC<7€   </»j/U.T7  TTf.pl  TT/S   KttTtt  TT^V  'A(rittl/ 


(2)  The  infinitive  clause  may  be  the  subject  of  an  impersonal 
verb. 

24.  8.  IO  7r/oocr€7r«re  7rapayev€<r0ai  TOVS  Trpco^evTas.   30.  20.  IJ  31.   27.  6. 

(3)  The  fact  that  a  previous  event  was  made  known  could  be 
expressed  by  a  genitive  absolute. 

2.    8.    13     7r/30<77T€(7oVTOS   TOV  yeyOl/OTOS  CIS  T^V  'PtO/XTJV.     I.    62.    I. 
5.  48.    17     TOUTWV  TrpOO-TTCO-OVTCUl/. 

IO.  28.  6   e£ayycA.#€'j/Tos  avTw. 
14.  8.  I    aiv  &UL<ra<t>r]OcvT(t)v. 

(4)  The  statement  in  the  form  of  a  cm-clause  may  be   the 
subject  of  an  infinitive. 

2t  53-  5    t*/*01  T 


(5)  The  ort-clause  may  be  in  apposition  with  the  noun  of  the 
genitive  absolute. 

37.    2.    5     TOt)   AdyOV   TTpOO-TTiTTTOVTOS   OTt   VlKtt. 

IO.  49.  I    yevo[j.cvr)S   Se  T^9  TrpocrayyeAtia?  SIOTI   av/x,/?atvct  TOV   /xcv 
a  TT}S  Svva/Aews  etvat  Trcpt  TaTrovptav. 

315 


28  HISTORICAL   AND    LINGUISTIC   STUDIES 

(6)  The  genitive  absolute  may  be  followed  by  a  clause  intro- 
duced by  a  relative  pronoun. 

5.  6l.  3   TjyxxTTreowTwv  Trapa  ©coSorov  ypa^arwv  h  ol<s  avrov  e/caXct  K.T.A.. 

(7)  The  articular  infinitive  with  rov  may  stand  in  the  genitive 
absolute. 


1  .  60.  i   7jy>o<r7recrovTos  avrots  TOV  7re7rA.ev/<erai  oroA.a>  TOVS  'Po>/u,ai'ovg. 

(8)  A  clause  introduced  by  on  may  take  the  place  of  the 
genitive  subject  of  the  participle. 

3.  40.   14  rots  8'   cv  rrj  €Po>/x^  7r/oo<T7T€(roi/Tos    ort    TO   Tcraprov    (TT/oaToVeSov 

•7rC/Ot«\^jU.^-€VOV  V7TO  TWV  Bot'wv  TTO\LOpK€LTO.L  KttTa  KpOLTOS.        3.    112.    6. 

13.  INFINITIVE  WITH  ACCUSATIVE  ABSOLUTE  (=z).8  —  The  par- 
ticiple of  impersonal  verbs  in  the  neuter  accusative  singular  is 
used  as  an  accusative  absolute  with  an  infinitive.  G.  MT.  851- 
54;  Kuh.  487;  Spieker^.  336. 

2.  2.  8  Scov  a-TpaTTfjyov  €T€pov  atpctcr^at.    7.   16.  7;  23.  10.   13;   32.  13.  5. 

4.  27.  4  Trapov  TavavTia.  Trotetv. 

9.  24.  3  «£6v  (conjecture)  Xafteiv. 

10.  30.     4  a)S    yap    Scov    TOVS    TroXc/Atbvs    Trotetcr^at     T^V    avd/3a<Tiv}    OVTODS 


io.  43-9 

12.  2O.  7   Svva/Jtevov  yivwcr/ceiv  r^v  Ttuv  7roA.e/uW  Trapovcriav. 


316 


CHAPTER  II. 
USES  OF  THE  ARTICULAR  INFINITIVE  IN  POLYBIUS. 

i.  VERBAL  SUBJECT  (=a).a5°  —  The  infinitive  with  TO  is  used  as 
the  subject  nominative  or  accusative  of  a  finite  verb  or  infinitive. 
It  has  either  the  form  of  a  substantivized  infinitive  with  the 
article,  as  TO  £fjv  (2.  41.  3;  3.  81.  6),  TO  VIKOLV  (3.  63.  ll),or  of  a 
substantivized  sentence  with  TO,  the  whole  being  used  as  the  sub- 
ject of  a  finite  verb  or  infinitive,  as  (i.  4.  4)  vrreXaftov  avay/calov 
elvcu  TO  fjirj  TrapaXnrelv  fJLrjo'  eaaat,  7rape\6elv  aveTTKnaTGbs  TO  tcd\\i- 
GTOV  afia  KOI  d)(f)e\ifjL(i)TaTov  €7riTr)SevfjLa  TT}?  TU^T;?.  The  latter  is  by 
far  the  more  common  usage.  G.  MT.  790,  806;  Kiih.  478,  4,  a. 


I.I.I    draymTov  rjv  TO  TrpQTpf.Trf.o~6a.i 
!•  35-  2   To  SiaTTMTTetv  Tr)  Tv\r)  tvapyto-TCLTOv  f<f>dvr)  TTOUTLV. 

I.  62.  6   TOV  yap  avrov  vo/xto-reov  iJyc/Movos  ctvai  TO  SvvavOai  ySAeVeiv.   I.  83.  3, 
88.  3;  2.  22.11,  26.8,  29.  5,  50.  6,  51.  6,  63.  5;  3.  21.  9,32.  10. 

2.  VERBAL  OBJECT.  s8  —  The  infinitive  with  TO',  TOU,  or  TW  is 
used  as  the  object  of  verbs  taking  an  object  in  the  accusative, 
genitive,  or  dative.  G.  MT.  791,  793,  798,  799;  Kiih.  478,  4,  b, 
c,  d. 

i)  a)  With  TO  as  the  object  of  a  verb  (=£)."  —  The  infinitive 
with  TO  is  used  as  the  object  of  verbs  governing  the  accusative. 

3.  63.  6   TOIS  eXo/nevots  TO  £fjv. 

4.  6l.  6  irf.pl  TrA-eurrov  TTOtov'/xevoi  TO  Ko/*«7ao-0ai  rrjv  'A/x,/?paKiav  irapa  TWV 

AiTwXwv.     10.  28.  5,  37.  4;  ii.  28.  8;  16.  10.   i  conj.;  16.  34.  n; 
23.  ii.  3;  31.  23.  8;  39.  10.  8. 

b]  With  TOV  as  the  object  of  a  verb  (=££).32  —  The  infinitive 
with  TOU  is  used  as  the  object  of  such  verbs  as  take  a  genitive 
object. 

4«  19-  IO   o*To^a^o/u,€vot  TOV  So/cetv  /AOVOV.      21.  28.  9. 

4.    82.    82   KaTtKpaiTrjcrf.  TOV  y€veo*0ai  (TTpaTrjyov  ^Trrjparov,   TOV  8e   Ti/xo£evov 

cKTreo-eiv.    28.  13.  13.* 
317]  29 


30  HISTORICAL    AND    LINGUISTIC    STUDIES 

3.    32.    IO   Sta<£epco;     3.    71.    4;    12.    25k.    6    Trpovoe'co ;     5.    100.    II 

7.  13.  72  eyyevo/xat;  9.  12.  8  TrpoerSeo/xat ;  9.  32.  2  ap^u;  IO.  23.  9 
KpaTew;  II.  30.  3  a7raAA.cuTO-a> ;  5.  66.  6;  2O.  10.  16  oAtywpew ;  21. 
23.  32  opeyw;  23.  IO.  IO  crrepc'co;  23.  16.  13  /acre^co  ;  28.  9.  4  c<^>t  17/41. 

The  following  are  found  for  the  first  time  in  Polybius: 

1.  45.  14   Trap'  ovSev   eA$ovTes  rot)  TraVas  aTro/SaXeu/  ras  7rapao-/tevas. 

2.  55.  42  Trap'  oAtyov  r)\6t   TOV  /x>)   /JLOVOV  e/CTreo-etv   dAAa   /cat  roTs  oAots   KtvSv- 

vevo-at.      10.  12.  n;  18.  19.  6;    30.   i.  5;    33.  3.  i. 
11.7.  I    on  Trapa  /tuKpov  €\OoL  TOV  \a/3eiv  TOV  "ArraAov. 

With  these  cf.  i.  43.  7;   12.  20.  7;   33.  i.  4. 
*:)  With  TO)  as  the  object  of  a  verb  (=bbb)* — The  infinitive  with 
TW  is  used  with  such  verbs  as  take  an  object  in  the  dative  case. 

I.  23.  9  7r«rr€vovT€5  Se  TO)  Tap(wavTcTv.    2.  IO.  6. 

22.  1 8.  3*   a,<j>op/Arj  fjikv  xpa)/x,evos   Ttp   /^^   olov  Trapaycyovevat   TOV    Ovo/xao*rov, 

dXXa  /A 778'  €7rt  rail/  crweyyvs  TOTTWV  yeyovevat. 
30.  8.  8  7rpoo-av£t;(€  TW  ^v. 

2)  Object  of  verbs  of  hindering,  separation,  etc.  (=v)?° — The 
infinitive  is  used  as  the  object  of  verbs  of  hindering,  separation, 
denial,  doubt,  mistrust,  contradiction,  opposition,  omission,  etc. 
— verbs  which  contain  a  negative  in  themselves.  Besides  the 
simple  infinitive  with  or  without  fitj,  these  verbs  may  take  (a)  the 
infinitive  with  TO,  or  (b)  the  infinitive  with  roO  or  TOV  fjirj.  The 
infinitive  with  TO  ^77,  TO  /it?)  ov  does  not  occur  in  Polybius. 
G.  MT.  807-14;  Kilh.  514,  2,  3,  4,  5,  A.  9. 

a)   Infinitive  with  To.24 

I.  44.  4  TO  /xcv  StttKcoAveiv  TOV  CTrtTrXovv  ctTreyvwo-av.  Also  I.  48.  IO;  2.  65. 
13';  3.  21.  6,  74.  52;  5.  i.  5,  70.  2;  8.  36.  2;  14.  10.  io2;  31.  23.  8. 

1.  54.  52  TO  7rapa/3aA.A.€O-#at  Kat  Trpoo-ayeiv  aTrcSo/a/Aao'e.        3.  86.  8,  95.  5;   6. 

38.  i2;  9.  20.  6;   io.  39.  7;  18.  48.  9;  31.  17-  3- 

2.  63.   I    TO  /mev  xop-qyeZv 

2.  6O.    7     OUTW5   €KAl7T€tV   TO   ^ 

3.  1 06.  IO   TO  7T\f.L(j)   ypa<£eiv 

^)   Infinitive  with  ToO.52 

I.  29.  5  TOV  /A€v  7rapa<j>v\a.TT€LV  TOV  CTrtVAovv  aTreyvtoo-av.      i.    48.   I*;  9.  7.  9. 

I.  31.  5  a?r€o-^ov  TOV  pCTrav  Tats  yvw/xats.  2.  6.  9%  57.  3;  3.  8.  n;  5.  9.  9, 
74.  7;  6.  58.  io;  9.  36.  4;  12.  4d-  2;  15.  5.  5;  21.  20.  9;  22.  4.  io, 
6.  2;  23. 17.  42;  24.  io.  9;  24.  ii.  14;  32.  14.  8,  23.  i;  39.  15.  2,  18.  6. 

318 


THE    INFINITIVE    IN    POLYBIUS  31 

1.  39.  7   TOV   d0poi£eiv  aTre'o-TT/o-av.        i.  87.  2;  3.  2.  5,  19.   4;   4.  71.    I*;    10. 

15-  8;  14-  s-  si  i6-  31-  8- 

2.  68.  3  a<j>lfj,cvoi  TOV  xp*7o-0ai.     5.  104.  52;  ii.  14.  6;  15.  29.  7*;  16.  6.  7; 

18.  3.  3;  20.  9.  9;  31.  7.  3. 

3.63.    12   Siai/^evSw;   4.    ii.   4    aTroSetXtaco  ;     10.    17.    12;    12.    18.   5    XetVco  ; 
13.  3.  2  aTraXXoTpioa)  ;  15.  10.  7  a7reX7ri£a>  ;    16.  3.  12    d/xapTava). 

<:)   Infinitive  with  TOV  fj,ij.* 

2.  14.  6   XeiVa  TOV  /AT)  crvvaTrreiv  avTaJ. 

2.  37.   II    SiaXXaTTav  TOV  /AT)  /Aias  rrdXews  8id#eo-iv 
5.  4.  IO   SieVpei//av  TOV  /XT)  TeXeo-tovpyrJo' 

21.   25.    7    SOKW   f}cr<f>a\i(TOai    ra    Kara    rrjv    A.ir<i))tiav    TOV   /XTySeVa    ovvao-Oai 
KaKOTrotcTv  TT)V  ^wpav  avToiv.      Cf.  18.  3.  3. 

This  last  example  is  classified  by  Hewlett  as  infinitive  of  pur- 
pose, but  it  seems  better  to  explain  the  sense  of  the  passage  to 
classify  it  as  a  genitive  objective  infinitive.  Vide  Kilh.  478,  4,  c; 
514,  A.  10,  o. 

3.  APPOSITION  (=c).46  —  The  infinitive  with  the  article  TO,  TOV, 
or  TO)  may  stand  in  apposition  with  a  preceding  noun  or  pronoun. 
The  infinitive  with  TO  may  be  in  apposition  with  a  nominative  or 
accusative.  G.  MT.  804;  Kiih.  478,  5. 

a)   Infinitive  with  TO'. 

3.  4.  9*  ov  yap  Brj  TOUT'  emu   T€\o<s  VTroXrjTTTeov  cv  7rpay/xao-iv,  TO  VLK-qcrai   Kat 

Troirjo-ao-OaL  TraWas  v</>'  eavTovs. 
3.  4.  12    TOVT'   ccTTat   TcAeo-ioupyry/Aa,  TO   yvairai  TTJV  Ka.Ta.arTa.tr  LV  Trap'  €Kao"Tot?. 

3.    7°-    IJ     €^s   TpOTTO?   lo-TLV  OVTO?    O"tUT77pta5,    TO   (TWC^US    KaiVOTTOtctv  d«    TOLS  T(UV 


3.  84.    72    TOVTO   TTOtOV/OtCVOt,  TO  /AT;   <^)CVyCtV  /MT/Se   XctTTCtV  TOLS  Ttt^Cl?. 

4.  57-     IJ    ^TroXa/A^avoi/TC?    yap    TOVTO  Tt'Xos  c?vat   TOV  KaTao-^ctv    dXXoTpiav 

7roA.iv,  TO  yeve'o-^at  TWV  TrvXoiivwv  CI/TOS.  3.  20.  4;  4.  79.  3';  4.  80.  42, 
87.  3;  5.  ii.  32;  6.  i.  3%  i.  6,  na.  16;  7.  8.  3%  8.  92;  9.  3.  9;  12. 
5.  n,  25l.  2,  25k.  7;  18.  14.  i3»33-2,33.  42;  21.  22.  7a;  27.  8.8;  32. 
n.  22;  37.5-2. 

^)   Infinitive  with  TOU. 

2.  35.  8   OVTC  av  Tt9  airo<TTa.Lr]  Try?  TeAevTatas 


3.  8.    io3  TTOIOV  TTpay/xa  TOVTOV  StKatoTcpov,   TOV   e/cSovvat  /xcj/  TOV  amov  TWV 

319 


32  HISTOKICAL   AND    LINGUISTIC   STUDIES 

c)   Infinitive  with  TW. 

4.  29.   4    TO   TtoV    KXeTTToiv    C/>vXoV    TOVTO)    /AaXtOTtt    T(p    T/3O7TQ)     (r<£aAA€TCU,   TO)    /X^ 

Trotetv  dXX^Xots  TO,  Strata. 

5.  38.  7   TOVTO)  otac^epwv,   TO>  7roteur$at    T^V    otatTav    ev   //,et£ovt    8ecryu,a>T?7ptu>. 

30  2.  4s. 

2.  37.   II    TovVo)  /Aova*  StaXXaTTCtv,  TO>  /u,i)  TOV  avTov  7r€pt/3oXov  VTrdp^etv  roTs 
/caTot/covo-tv 


4.  PURPOSE  (=^).12  —  The  infinitive  with  TOU  is  used  to  denote 
purpose.      £.  MT.  798;  .&'^.  478,  4,  c;   Hultsch,  Fleckeisen,  Vol. 
CXXIX,  pp.  742-44. 

1.  12.  6   dva8pajU,oi/T€S  «?TI  rots  ^povot?  rov  /AT^Scv  a7ropr;/xa  KaraAtTrcrv. 

2.  34.  I   «r7rev<rav  TOV  /x^  <rvyx<Dpr)@fjvai  TYJV  eiprjvrjv  avroT?. 

5.    I  O2.     6    <TVVV7TOKpL0d<S  TOV  fJ,r)   SoKctv  AtttV   €TOt/AO9     clvat.        5«    31-   3>     7-    1  6.    7J 

iS.  35.  3;  28.  8.  6;  29.  9.  12  (?);  4.  18.   n  (if  KCU  be  omitted);  9. 
36.  i  (if  ceo?  be  omitted),  3.  70.  7  (cf.  footnote  in  text). 

All  the  above  have  TOV  pij. 

12.  28a.  32  avTos  yow  T^XtKavr^v  V7TOjU,e/x,cvr;K€vat  SaTrav^v  /cat  KaKorra^etav  TOV 
o*vvayayetv  Ta  Trap'  'Ao-Q-vpiW  VTrofj,v^fJMTa  /cat  TroAvTrpay/xoi^aat  Ta  Atyvcov 
1^. 

Also   10.  46.  3,  if  TOZ)  be  read  with  Hultsch;  4.  74.  8,  if  roi) 
be  read  instead  of  the  TT/OO?  TO  of  Hultsch. 

5.  LIMITING  NOUNS  AND  ADJECTIVES.  —  The  infinitive  with  TOV 
is  used  as  a  genitive  limiting  nouns  and  adjectives.     G.  MT.  798; 
Kiih.  478,  4,  c. 

#)   Infinitive  with  roO  after  nouns  (=k).66  —  The  infinitive  with 
TOV  is  used  as  a  limiting  genitive  after  nouns. 

I.  I.  2   juoviyv  StSoV/caXov  TOV  8wao~0ai  V7roc/>epeiv. 

I.  49.  IO  Ti}s  TC  TOV  vt/cav  eXTrtSos. 

1.22.  2   Trpos  7rapao*/cev^v  TOV  vav/w,a^etv. 

I.  62.  62  TOV  TC  TOV  vi/cav,  o/AOtw?  8c  /cat  TOV  TOV  Xei7r€o-$at  /catpov. 

There  are  are  thirty-one  nouns  used  with  this  limiting  genitive: 

o-vv>j0eta,  2.  2O.  8;  atTta,  2.  38.  9;  apx>7yos,  2.  38.  9;  /3£/3ata>T>;s,  2.  40.  2; 
e£ovo-ta,  3.  29.  7;  dc/>op/A>7,  3.  69.  8;  Trpo^ao-is,  3.  108.  5;  X/°®VOSJ  3-  x  I2- 
5;  Tc'Xos,  4.  57.  Ii;  C7n(3o\rj,  5.  62.  7;  7rapa8ety/m,  5.  III.  7;  Kvpta, 
6.  15.  62;  CTTt/xeXeta,  6.  35.  12;  Tretpa,  8.  9.  6;  (rvP&gpa,  8.  27.  3;  Trpo- 
vota,  II.  2.  IO8;  ITOS,  12.  l6.  12;  TrapaTrraKTts,  12.  25k.  IO;  evvota,  15. 

320 


THE    INFINITIVE    IN    POLYBIUS  33 


I.  I22;   opM,  15.  4-  8;  KarapXr),  15.  33.  I  ;  dSwa/xi'a,  15.34.  5; 
16.  32.  4;  Aoyos,  18.  15.  15;  e/A7rdSiov,  I  8.  22.  4;  apx*7>  22.  8.  8; 
23.13.  I. 

b)  Infinitive  with  rov  after  adjectives  (=£").  l8  —  The  infinitive 
with  roO  is  used  as  a  limiting  genitive  after  adjectives. 

amos,  I.  40.  1  6*  atrtos  eSoxei  yeyove'rat  rov  TraAiv  ava6appfj(Ta.i  ra?  7re£iKa? 
Swa/ms  KCH  K/oar^o-at  roiv  viratOpw.  I.  43.  8,  57.  7";  9.  3.  g*',  13.  4.  8; 
21.  13.  ioa;  23.  14.  6;  24.  ii.  i2;  27.  15.  i2. 

21.    II.    2     OVK   ClAAoT/OlOS  ^V   TOV   KOlVU>Ve?V. 

29.  9.  9   ror)  cveyKeTv  ravra  Kvpios  VTnyp^cv. 

39-   9.    12     OLTTClpOS   TOV   Vctv. 

Of  the  four  adjectives  used  with  this  limiting  genitive, 
a\\or/3to?,  tcvpios,  and  a?r€t/3o?,  are  each  used  but  once. 

6.  PREPOSITIONAL  OBJECT  (=£)."38  —  The  infinitive  with  the 
article  is  used,  like  a  noun,  as  the  object  of  a  preposition,  the 
article  being  in  the  case  required  by  the  preposition.  G.  MT. 
800;  Kiih.  478,  4,  c;  479,  2. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  prepositions  and  quasi  -preposi- 
tions used  by  Polybius: 

With  the  genitive:  xdpiv?0,  7re/na9,  i/Tre/o2?,  eV2s,  eve/cev  or 
e&>58,  7r\7^6,  ^cojOi?5,  /*e^/3£3,  efo)  2,  av€v*. 

With  the  dative:  a/ia11*,  €7rts%  efi/2S  7r/3o?10. 

With  the   accusative:    &as°4?  Trpos*50,  et?74,  eVi'39,  yuera33, 


The  superior  numbers  refer,  not  to  the  number  of  the  occur- 
rences of  the  preposition  to  which  they  are  attached,  but  to  the 
number  of  infinitives  which  are  thus  used,  two  or  more  infinitives 
sometimes  appearing  with  one  preposition. 

Three  of  these  prepositions  are  used  with  two  cases:  irepC  with 
genitive  and  accusative,  eiri  and  7jy>o'<?  with  the  dative  and 
accusative. 

i)  Prepositions  with  the  genitive™* 

Xapiv,  for  the  sake  of,  is  prepositive  in  Polybius. 

I.  39.    8    f^ 

rots 

3.  42.   4   Tr\rj6o<;   rjOpoio-Orj  (3apj3dp(DV  \o-piv  rov  /cwAvetv  ryv  raiv 
v. 

321 


34  HISTORICAL   AND    LINGUISTIC   STUDIES 

By  allowing  the  infinitive  to  take  a  subject  accusative  Polybius 
uses  this  construction  to  express  purpose. 


8.  28.  I    CTrevro/aicrTO  o-Krjij/w  0)5   dppoxTTwi/,  \dpw  rov   W   0«vfia£eiv  d/covovTas 
TOVS  'Pw/x-aiovs.      5.  88.  6;  9.  41.  9,  K.T.X. 

Because  of  the  frequent  use  of  this  construction  the  number 
of  cases  of  tVa,  etc.,  to  express  purpose  (see  Fassbaender  and  Brief) 
is  comparatively  small. 

irepi.  —  This  is  a  common  classical  usage  — 

a)  After  verbs  of  saying,  writing,  etc.,  where  the  preposition 
is  necessary. 

I.  1  8.  IO  wore  7roXXa/as  /?ouXeveo-0at  Trepl  TOV  Xvetv  TT)V  TroXiop/aav. 
24.  I.  5   rots    Se   (f>vydo~LV  eirrjyyaXaTO  ypauj/ew   TT/OOS   TOVS   'A^atovs  irepl   TOV 
KaTeA0e?v  avrovs  eis  r^v  oiKeiav. 

b)  Where  the  genitive  without  vre/ot  is  admissible  and  irepi  is 
pleonastic. 

8.  18.  10  7re/ot   Se  TOV  TraptLcreXOeiV  TOV  'Apiavov    Kat  ird\LV   d,7re\^etv 


30.  22.  5    TrapaKOucravTes  ot  'PoStot  Trept  TOV  Tas  <f>povpa<;  e^ayayetv. 

V7re/o.  —  Used  in  the  same  way  as  irepL 
a)  Where  vnep  is  necessary  to  the  sense. 


I.  43.  I    o-vXXaX^oravTes  avToT?  virep  TOV  TTJV  TTO\LV  €v$ovva.L  Tots  ' 

5.  1  8.  6   virkp    Of.  TOV  TO   Setvov    rj&tv    e?rt    o~<j>a<i  OVTCO?   o^ew?    ovSe    Siti/oetTO 


)  Where  the  genitive  without  a  preposition  is  admissibleand 
is  pleonastic. 


3.    87.    5     CTTOIOWTO    O^TTOvS^V    Kttt    TTpOVOLOV    V7T€p     TOV    CTTLKOVpeiV    TO??    €V    ' 

irpdyfjiao'L.      Cf.  II.  2.  io2. 

5.  94.  9   eyevcTO  Tats  T€  TroXeo-tv  eXTris  VTrep  TOV  /A^  /3a/>vi/07Jcreo-0ai  Tats  elo-<j>O' 
pats.      Cf.  I.  49.  IOJ    I.  62.   4. 


i)  From,  of  departure. 

2.  21.  2   e*  TOV  ^v  t£f.\<£pt](ra.v. 

23.  16.  13   TOVTOIS  €7rera£e  Trapa^p^/Aa  TravTas  avTOvs  e^ayetv  eV  TOV 


THE    INFINITIVE    IN   POLYBIUS  35 


2.     a)  From,  by,  of  source  of  knowledge. 


22.  13.  3    ST/AOS  <£v  e£  avTov  TOV  critoTrav  cm  Svcrapeo-Tetrai. 
14.  2.  7    o  NO/AO.S  €7T€io-#T7  e*  TOV   <£avai  TOVS   TrpeV/Sets  /x,^  TrpoVepov 
?rpiv  17  Aa/3eTv  ra? 


£)  From,  of  source  of  advantage  or  disadvantage. 

3.  17.  4  TToAAa  Trpoopw/xevos  cv^pr/crra  TT/OOS  TO  /xeAAov  ex  TOI)  Kara  /cparos  e 

ttVTT^V. 

3.  63.  4   (€^>^)  eivat  8'  CK  TOV  vtKav  aO\ov,  CK  8e  TOV  /u,ap(o/w,€vov5  Tt 


or  ei/e/ca.  —  Used  like  %dpLvtfor  the  sake  of,  and  like  it, 
prepositive  in  Polybius. 

3.  4.   IO  OVTC   yap    TroAe/m    rots    TrcAas    ovScts    vovv    «^a>v    eve/cev    avrov    TOV 

Karaytuvicra(r^ai  TOVS  dvTiTaTTO/xci/ovs. 
15.  1  6.  33  rov5  Kap^i/Sovtovs  «^T;K£  evcKa  TOV  7rpo€KAvo-ai,  d^pctwcrat,  dvay/caorat. 


evercev  is  used  for  evetca  to  avoid  hiatus.  Cf.  Hultsch,  "Uber 
den  hiatus  bei  Polybius,"  Philologus,  Vol.  XIV  (1859),  pp.  288- 
319.  "Aehnlich  unterscheiden  sich  eveica  und  eve/cev,  nur  dass 
letzteres  nicht  ausschliesslich  vor  vocalen  sonden  haufig  auch  vor 
consonanten  steht.  Hiatus  macht  eW/ca  nur  2.  36.  I,  wo  es  mit 
Benseler  zu  elidiren  ist"  (p.  290). 

7T/30  —  Used  as  a  subititute  for  Trpiv. 


2.  63.  2   Trpo  TOV  (rvvavai  ra  TrpoaTreTTTWKOTa  ras  Svm/xets. 

3.  25.  I    vvvQrJKas  Trotovvrai  'Pw/natot,  rrpo  TOV  (Tvarrr)  (Taa  Oat  TOVS 

TOV 


7,  so  far  as,  which  was  generally  expressed  by  eo>5  ov 
or  ew?  with  indicative  or  subjunctive. 

I.   69.    IO    OvS'   (XVTO  TOVTO  TTCpl/XCtVaVTCS   €0>S  TOV  yVWVCU  TTOTCpOV   K.T.X. 

5.  IO.  3    aAAa  /ae^pi  TOVTOV  TToAe/xaiv  Kat  ^tXovctKoiv,  ews  TOV  Aa/Jetv   d^>op/u,as. 


Ji/,  except,  same  as 

2.  60.  8   ovSevos  ITV^C  Setvov  ?rA^v  TOU 
8-  9«  5    €^ovAcvo-avTO  Trcta-r;?  eATrtSos  Trctpav  Xa/x,y3av«v   TrA^v  TOV   Sta  TroAtop- 
KUXS  eAeiv  Tag 


Cf.  TrA^z/  with  anarthrous  infinitive. 

323 


36  HISTORICAL   AND    LINGUISTIC   STUDIES 


d)    Without. 

2.  51.  6   j3or)0f]<ra.i  \<Dpl<;  TOV   KO/uVao-#ac    TOV  'AKpoKopwOov   Kal  A.a/3etv 


7.11.5  €t  />t€v  x<apl<:  TOV  7ra/3acT7rovS^(rat  Meao'iyvtovs  SvV?;  Kpartiv  TOV  TOTTOV 
TOVTOV. 

£)  Besides,  apart  from. 

3.  32.  4  X*0/0'5  y**P  To^  TToAAaTrAaortbv?  avras  VTra/o^etv  TWV  iy//,€T€/oG)v  vrrofJivrj- 
/aaTwv,  ov8«  /caraXa/Jetv  e£  avraiv  /8€/?ai"a)5  ouSev  otov  TC  TOV?  avayivwo-KOVTas. 

6.  46.  6  X^/CHS  TOV  7rapa/3Ae7TCti/  TOLS  Tr/AiKavYas  8ta<^>o/oa5;  Kai  TroXvv  ST;  Tiva 
Xoyov  ev  €7rt/x€T/oa»  St 


3.  92.  5   4>a/3io5  8e  ftexpt  TOV  crvvdif/at  Tots  ToVots 
37.    I.   6   TrpOTCpov    /icv   yap    Traa-t    TrcTroXc/LtryKeVat    /Ac^/ot     TOV    KpaT^o"at 
TOV? 


I.  15.  3   TOV  ft€i/  'Icpwva  (^ryo'i  OVTWS  c^co  ycvecrOcu  TOV  <j>pov€lv. 
30.  4.  5   €^o>  TOV  (frpovtiv  ycvo/xcvot. 

efe»  is  used  but  twice,  as  cited,  in  the  phrase=/0  fo  beside 
oneself. 

avev,  without  —  a  common  usage  which  has  but  one  example 
in  Polybius. 

22.  13.  8   dSvvaTOv  ctvat  TO  Kivfjcrai  n  TWI/  VTTOKet/xevwv  avev  TOV  TrapaftfjvaL 
KOL  TO.  Strata  Kat  Ta  oo*ta. 

2)   With  the  dative.™ 

a/xa,  at  the  same  time  ivith,  together  with.  A  rare  construction 
in  classical  prose,  used  very  frequently  by  Polybius,  second  only 
to  &ia  TO.  The  main  verb  is  often  modified  by  a  temporal  adverb: 
et^eW,  TrapaxprjfjLa,  TrapavTiica. 

a)  With  the  present  infinitive  used  thirty-one  times,  it  repre- 
sents an  action  which  began  just  before  the  action  expressed  by 
the  main  verb,  and  may  continue  with  it. 

1.  23.    5     OL/JM  8«   TO)   TT\r)(TL(i£eLV  CTVV^€0>pOVVT€S  TOV5   KOpaKOLS. 

2.  II.    8   a/xa  8c  TO)    7rpoo~€X€iv  €KaTe/aa?  6/xov  TOL?  Svva/xet?,  7rapa\pf)/Jia.   Tra 


324 


THE    INFINITIVE    IN    POLYBIUS  37 

b)  With  the  aorist  infinitive,  used  eighty-four  times,  the  action 
is  represented  as  taking  place  immediately  before  the  action 
expressed  by  the  main  verb. 

I.  68.  8   ap,a   TW  o*vyxwp>7O-ai  TO.  Trepi   TWV  oi/'wviwi/  avTOis  TOVS 


2.  57.  4  a/na  yap  TW  Karao-^etv  TT/V  TroXiv  'ApaTOs  TrapavTiKo.  TrapT/yyeXc,  K.T.X. 

<:)   Present  and  aorist  infinitives   may  be  used  in   the  same 
sentence. 

I.  76.  7   a/xa   8e    TW    TOVS    tTTTrct?  VTroo-r^vat,   r>)v  8c  XOITTTJV   Swa/ottv    errayeiv, 
ev^ew?  e^cvyov. 

3.  65.  4  a/u,a  §€  TW  7rA.T/(na£eiv  avrot^   Kat   crvvtSctv  TOV   Kovioprov    e^ai/ao/xevov 

cv^ews  (Tvi/eraTTOi/ro  ?rpos  jMai^rjv. 

eVt.  —  Used  with  the  articular  infinitive  to  denote  (i)  purpose, 
but  chiefly  to  denote  (2)  cause. 

(1)  Purpose. 

1.  45.  II    «TT'  avro)  TOVTO*  Trap'  d/x^otv  ra^^evrcs,  ot  /xtv  CTTI  TW  rpc^ao'^at  Toi»5 

€7Tt  TCUV  €pya)V  Ot   8'    CTTt   TO)   /A^  TTpOfOrOcU  TttVTa. 

(2)  Cause,  with  verbs  expressing  emotion. 

2.  4.  6  Trept^ap^s  yevo/xevo?  CTTI  TU>  oWetv  AtrwXovs  vcviK^Kc'vai. 

2.  27.  4   eveXTTts  ycvo/xevos  CTTI  TO)  SOKCU/  //.ecrovs  Kara  Tropciav   aTretXry^ei/ai  TOVS 

KcA.TOV5. 

2.  41.  5   Svtrapeo-n/cravTCS  CTTI  TW  /x^  vo/X6/x(o$  ap^eiv. 

3.  78.  5   Svcr^cpaiVovra?  ore  Tip  TOV  rroXettov  Xaft/Saveii/  TT)V  Tpi/8ryv. 

The  perfect  infinitive  is  used  sixteen  out  of  fifty-one  times. 

I5-  5*  J3   o^VX01/3^5  '""^  T(?  TttVTas  VTT^KOOV?  TrcTrooJo'&u  TOV?  irpoTepov 


I.  41.  I    Trept^apeTs  ^av  ou^  OVTCD?  <7rt  T<O  TOVS  TroXetuov?  ^XaTTaio*^ai  a>s  CTTI 
T<o  TOV?  iStovs 


(1)  Local  sense. 

1  .  51.9   oVep  eV  TW  vav/ta^etv  «o-Tt  7rpaACTtKa)TaTOv. 

1.  62.  4   Trao-as  Tas  TOV  vi/cav  ev  T<O  TroXe/xctv  cXTri'S 

2.  29.  3   a7roK€KXci/x€vr/s  Traces  T^S  cv  TW  Xet'Tretr^at 

(2)  Temporal. 

6.  53.  2    TOLS  eTrtTCTCvy/xo'a?  €v  TW  £T;V  7rpa|€(s. 
I.  23.  8   €v  8e  TW  <rvv€yyi£€Lv  0ea>povvTcs  TO  o" 

3.  79.  9   /xtav  Trape^Ojtxcva  ^petav  ei/  TW  Treo-eTv  Tot? 

325 


38  HISTORICAL   AND    LINGUISTIC   STUDIES 

7T/30?.  —  Nine  of  the  ten  occurrences  of  TT/OO?  r&>  are  with  et/u  or 
in  the  sense  of  being  intent  or  determined  upon,  busy  with. 


1.  50.    I     TTpOS   TO)   VaVfJLa^€LV  OVTttS. 

2.  32.  II    TTpckfavTes  8e  ravra  TT/OOS  TO>  8taKtv8vvevetv  ^< 

3.  71.  I    eyiveTO  Trpos  TU>  o-TpaTryyeTv  TOVS  VTrevavTtovs. 

3.  94.  IO   MapKO?  ?rpos  TU>  7rapa/3aXXea0ai  Kat  TU>  8taKtv8wevetv  ^v. 

In  12.  28.  12,  where  the  text  is  weak,  TT/?O?  is  used  in  the 
ordinary  sense,  besides:  TT/OO?  r&>  Karetyeva-dai  eiceivov. 

3)   W^  /^^  accusative*1* 

Sid.  —  This  is  the  preposition  used  most  frequently  by  Polybius, 
504  infinitives  with  TO  occurring  after  it.  The  present  infinitive 
is  used  339,  perfect  infinitive  124,  aorist  infinitive  39  times,  and 
the  future  infinitive  three  times. 

The  infinitive  generally  has  a  subject  accusative,  the  construc- 
tion being  a  much-used  substitute  for  the  other  constructions 
expressing  cause. 

Present  infinitive: 

I.  IO.  3   frn-oprjo-av  Sia  roSo/cetv  e£o</>0aA.//,ov  etvcu  T^V  dAoytav  rfjs 
I.  IO.  8   €/xeXXov  ras  ^vpaKovcras   €7rai/eAeV0ai  8ta  TO   Trao-iys 


1.  41.  6  8ta  TO  /A^Se/Atiav  a^opju/i/v  KaTaXetTreo-^at  <r<f>i(rw. 

10.  8.  4  av  with    the  present    infinitive:  aKovwv  OTI    /xa^t/Aot  /xcv 

elr}<rav  ets  ^iXiov?  Sta  TO  /AiySeva  fj,rj8fTroT^  av  V7roAa/w,/8avetv  OTI  €7rivo^o*ct 

K.T.\. 

Aorist  infinitive: 

2.  7.  6   e^€7reo"ov  e/c  T^S  1810,5  8ta  TO  TrapacrTrovSryo-ai  TOV?  avTwv  OIKCI'OVS. 

2.  1  8.  6   OVK  €To\fjLr)crav  avr^ayayuv  'Pw/xatoi  TO,  o*TpaTo?r€8a  8ia  TO 

\7]<f>0Y)vai  /cat  /u,^  KaTaTa^o*ai  TO,?  Swa/ms. 

3.  3.  31   av  with  aorist  infinitive:  €t   Se    /x^Scts   av  ToX/xiJo-at  TOVT'    eiT 

av^/oo)7ros  wv,  8ia  TO,  Kav  KaTa  TO  Trapov  €vrv)(rj,  Trjv  yc  Trept  TO 

cXTTtSa  fjLr)8liror'  av  cvXoyws  /8cy8aia>o-ao-^at  /x^Se'va  TCUV  vovv  e^oWwv,  K.T.X. 

With  the  two  cases  of  ai/  with  infinitive  present  and  aorist 
compare  three  cases  of  Bia  TO  with  the  future  infinitive. 

3.  5.  82  7T€7ret(r/xat  /xev  yap,  xav  Tt  (rv/Jif3rj  Trf.pl  ^/xas  dv^pWTrtvov,  OVK  apyrjcrew 
TTJV  VTToOecrw  ovo    o.TTOprjcrf.LV  dvopwv  d^to^pewv  8ta    TO   Ka/XXous    7roXXoi)s 
Kat  O"7rov8ao"eiv  CTTI  Tt'Xos  dyayetv  avT^v. 
326 


THE    INFINITIVE    IN    POLYBIUS  39 

32.  1  6.  2    /3ov\6fj,tvos  TTLO-TW  TTapacTKevd^eiv  Tots  tie'AAouo-i  XcyecrOaL  Trepi  avrov, 
Trpos  TO  /X^TC  SuxTropeTv  TOVS  aKOvovras    Sta   TO  7rapa8o£a  Ttva 
roiv  o~iyx/?aivdVTa)v  /XETO.  ravra  Trepi  avrov. 

Perfect  infinitive: 

I.  1  6.  7    Sia  TO  TroXXrjv  eVSeiav  ycyoverat  TOOV 

1.  2O.  IO  8101  TO  /UTySe'va  Kf^p^a~OaL  TOIOVTOIS 

2.  69.  I    Sia  TO  Trept  TT/S  avTwv  fXevOepLas  crweo-Tavat  TOV  oAov   dyaiva. 


7T/009.  - 

(1)  After  verbs,  TT/DO?  TO  and  infinitive  signifying  the  end  of 
motion. 

I.  17.  9   wpfJirjcrav  Trpos  TO  o~tToAoyctv.    I.  69.  3. 
4.  32.  6   fTpd-rrrja-av  Trpos  TO  j3\a.7TT€iv  avTOvs. 
32.  14.   IO   TrporjXOt  Trpos  TO  <£iAo8o£cu>. 

(2)  Purpose. 

^z)  After  adjectives  and  adverbs 

3.    iy.    II     TTpoOvfJLOTtpOVS  7T/OOS   TO   KlvSwCUClV. 

3.  64.  II    TravTcov  CK^U/ACOS  C^OVTCOV  Trpo?  TO  KtvSwevetv. 
3.  109.  I    TOVS  ap^ovTa?   CTOI'/XOVS  Trapco'KevaKa/MCV  Trpos   TO  /xei/eiv  Kat 
•  TWV  avTwv  dycovwv. 

12.    21.    5     IKaVOV   TO7TOV  TTpOS   TO  /X^   TOt?  TToAt/XtOlS  V 

£    After  nouns. 


3.  63.  6   Sia  T^V  Trpos  TO  £fjv 

3.  68.  9   ov  /x^v  ^Tropouv  yc  <rKrj\l/€d)v  Trpo?   TO   /u,>)  SOKCIV  avTOt?  ^TTav   etvat  TO 

yeyovo?. 
3.  69.  3   8ay/xa  ^SovAottevo?  cK^epetv  Trpos  TO  to?  SeStoTa?  aTreATri^etv. 

<:)  After  verbs. 

I.  48.  5   Trapeo-KawuTyx^/wv  Trpos  TO  paSt'cos  Cfj,7rpr)cr6f)vai.      Cf.  I.  88.  9. 

I.  62.  5   ovSev  KaTeAeiVeTO  ?rpo?  TO  o*<o£eiv. 

I.  88.  II    d^>voj5  8taK€i//,evoi  Trpo?  TO  TraAtv  <ivaAa/>i)8avctv  TT)I>  Trpo? 


3.  2.  6    o-vv£/2aAeT'  avTots  ?rpos  TO  /x,-^  /xoVov  dvaKTiyo-ao-^ai,  ITI   8e  7rpoo-Aa/3eTv. 
3.  60.  13    TrpaTTeiv  Tt  ?rpo?  TO  Oappfja-ai  TOVS  /8ovAo/xo/ovs. 

</)   In  free  relation  to  the  whole  sentence. 

I.  79-  I2    T?/^"  eyKparrj  yev€(r6a.i  (nrovBd^ovra  Trpos  TO  /x^  Ttva?    dAAa   Trd 
17/xas  a/xa  Tt/xwp^crao-^ai. 

327 


40  HISTORICAL    AND    LINGUISTIC    STUDIES 

3.  46.  3    TT/V  TrXevpav  i7<7<£aAi£ovTO,  Trpos   TO  oa'/w/xei/etv   /cat  /xi;  TrapwOtitrOcu  TO 
oXov  epyov. 

(3)  With  e£/*iand  ylvopuu,  —  Compare  77/90?  TO>. 

I.  26.  3    OJ/TCOV  8e  TCOV  /xev  Trpos  ro  KwXvetv  TCUV  Se  Trpos  TO  /?ta££O~$at. 
I.  29.  3    eya/ovTO  Trpos  TO  TroXtopKcTv  avTirjv.    I.  36.  5;  I.  55.  5. 

(4)  777)05  TO  with  the  meaning,  as  regards,  as  far  as  ....  is 
concerned,  is  found  but  once. 


I.  67.  4  Tpo?  jjitv  TO  JMJ  Ta^ews   o-vfji<f>povr)o~avTas   (XTret^eTv  /xr^Se 

KTOUS  efvat  Tots  i^yov/xei/ots  op^ais  o"To^a^ovTat  TTOIOVVTCS  CK  TroAAoiv  yevwi/  TT/V 
,  Trpo?  Sc  TO    Si8a£ai  Kat    TrpaOvat    Kai   /xeTa^ctvat  TOVS 


€65.  - 

(i)  After  verbs  of  emotion,  indicating  the  end  of   motion. 


1.  41.  2    cTreppwo'yo-av  eis  TO  €K7re/x,7rctv. 

2.  59.  5    /?ovA.o/xevos  Trapao-Trjo~ao~6a.L  TOVS  dicovoi/Tas  cis  TO  ftaAAov  avTu)  o"vvaya- 


3.  49.  9   €7rio"7r<oju,ej/ov  TOV  7rpeo-/8vT€pov  Kat  TrapaKaXovvTOS  et?  TO  o-v/A7rpa^at  Kat 

O-V/XTTCptTTOt^O-ai  TTJV  dp^V  ttVTW. 

(2)   Purpose. 

£)  After  adjectives  and  adverbs. 

2.  46.  3   rrcurav  t/cav^v  TTOIOV/AG/OVS  7rpo^>ao~iv  eis  TO  TroXc/Ltetv. 

4.  85.  6  fJirjSkv  TrapaXtTretv  TWV  SwaToiv  eis  TO  yi/wvat  TYJV  dXry^ctav. 

^    After  nouns. 


1.  66.  3  /?ovXo/xei/os  avao~Tpo<f>r)v  SiSovat  eis  TO  <j>0dvew.  4.  6l.  I. 

2.  48.  5  6p/«;jv  7rap€crTr]O~€.  et?  TO  Trpeo-^Scvctv.  5.  36.  8. 

3.  15.  7  Xa/?ovTe?  TT/V  eirLTpoTnjv  eis  TO  8taXvo*at. 

3.  117.  4  Ttyv  ftcytoTTryv  ^pcaxv  cis  TO  vt/cav. 

4.  49.  2  <^tXov€t/ctav  €15  TO  8iaXvo-at  T^V  f.\Bpa.v. 

5«  49-  5  ""Otryo-a/Aei/ov  o-7rov8i)v  ets  TO  StaXvetv.    5.  67.  2. 

5.  63.  6  ISoo-av  a<£op/xa?  eis  TO  XaySeTv.  3.  59.  4. 

6.  1  8.  I  TOiaurrys  OVCTTJS  T^S  Swa/xews  eis  TO  Kat  ^Xa?rTetv  Kat  avvepyetv  dXX>;Xots. 
6.  52.  9  Trape^eTat  poirrjv  €ts  TO  vtKav. 

c)  After  verbs. 

4.  48.  IO   T^S  TOJV  o^Xwv  6p/u,^s  o-vvepyovo-r;?  cis  TO  8ta8r7fia 
4.  60.  4.   crvv€<f>p6vr)O-av  dXX^Xots  cts  TO  fMj  TeXetv,  o-uo'T^crao'^at, 

328 


THE    INFINITIVE    IN    POLYBIUS  41 

d)   Independent,  limiting  the  whole  expression. 

2.  68.  7    €/xevov  eirl  rwv  aKpwi/,  a>s  avwrarco  o-TrevSovres  Aa/2etv  TOVS  vrrevavT/iovs 

eis  TO  rr/v  (frvyrjv  €7rt  ?roXv  /cara^ep^  /cat  KprjiJivwSr)  yevccr^at  rots  TroXe/xtbts. 

8.  17.  7    o  re  ScMTtjSios  a/Aa  //,£»/  TrpoeSi'Sov  TWJ/  ^p^arwv  eis  TO  /x^Sev  eAAetVctv 

CIS  TttS   €7Tl/?oA.aS' 

(3)   Result. 

2.  13.  4  evpdvTes  Sc  (T(f>a<;  e7riKeKOi/A77jU.£vous  eV  ToTs  €/u,7rpoo-^cv  xpovois  Kat  Trpoct- 
/xeVov?  ei?  TO  /AeyaXr/v  x^P*1  KaTacrKcvacrao*^at  Kap^r;8ovtbvs. 

12.  26  e.  4  TO??  veois  TOIOVTOV  evTCTOKao*t  ^Xov,  cts  TO  TO>V  /xev  ^IKWV  /cat 
Trpay/xaTtKoiv  Xdywv  /Ar;8c  T^V  Tv^oiio-av  CTTtVoaxv  Troteurftu. 

eVL  —  The  infinitive  with  evrl  TO  is  found  after  verbs  of  motion 
used  in  a  metaphorical  sense.  Compare  TT/JO?  and  efc. 

1.  2O.  7    wp/AT/o-av  €7Tt  TO  o-vv€/x/8aivctv.      I.  25.    5,   29.   6,    70.  4,  87.  7;   2.  13. 

3>  34-  2. 
In  the  majority  of  cases  eVl  TO  is  used  after  op^dco. 

1  .  31.  5   OLTT€(r\ov  TOV  permv  TCUS  yvcu/ttais  CTTI  TO  Trotetv  Tt  Ttov 

2.  35.  IO  Trapwp/xT/^r/v  CTTI  TO 
3.6.   7    €7T6  TO  Kpirai  7rap 

II.  2O.  7    «rrt  TO  o~uy^p^o*^at  Karrjve\0r].   29.  5.  3. 

21.  28.  3   KaTryvTTjo-av  frrl  TO  jacToAAcvctv  Kat  ^prj<rOai  TO?S  6pvy/>iao*tv  VTTO  y^s. 

33.  1  8.  II    <rvyKa.Tr)vexOr)<ra.v  errt  TO  ypa<^>ctv  8dy/xa  TOIOVTOV. 

36.  5.  6  TravTtov  ^>cpo/u,o/(ov  crrt  TO  iruSap-^uv  TO?S  7rapayycAAo/u,o/ots. 

/iteTa.  —  Of  the  thirty-three  infinitives  used  with  /-teTa  TO',  twenty- 
nine  are  in  the  aorist  tense,  the  clause  expressing  the  time  after 
which  something  else  occurs. 

3.  4.  12   TTOUX  TIS  ty  fj.tr  a   TO    KarayiavLcrOrjvaL  ra  o\a  KOL  Tre&tiv  ets    T^V    TWV 


3.  IO.  I    /ACTOL  TO  KaraXvcracrOai  Kap^r;8ovtbvs  T^V  TrpoeLprjfJifvrjv  rapa^rjv. 
9.32.7    ci  /A€v  €7riy€yov€  Tt  ftCTot  TO  6t(T@a.i  Trjv  crvfj,fw.^uii/  v/xas. 

/Lt€Ta  TO'  is  used,  only  with  the  aorist  infinitive,  as  a  substitute 
for  an  aorist  participle  in  genitive  absolute  or  for  a  temporal 
clause  with  oVe. 

Trepi.  —  Used  with  yivopai,  Trepl  TO  with  the  infinitive  means  to 
be  busied  with  something.  Cf.  TT/JO?  TO). 

I.   41.  6   Trept  TO  f3or)6eiv  cytVoKro  Kat  7rapa/3aAAccr0at  /cat  rrav  VTTO/XO/CCV  VTrcp  T^5 


I.  66.  I    eytVeTo  TTCpt  TO  Trcpatovv  TOVS  o-TpaTiwTas  eis  TT)V  A.i(3vr]v. 

329 


42  HISTORICAL    AND    LINGUISTIC    STUDIES 

Cf.  Trepl  TOV  with  the  infinitive.      Polybius    uses   Trepl  TO   only 
after    <yivopai   except    (6.    52.    n;   22.   4.    4)   after  CTTTOVO^    and 


Tcapd.  —  Trapa  TO  with  the  infinitive  occurs  but  once,  and  that 
in  a  causal  sense. 

29.  27.  12   wore  ra  Kara  TT/V  'AXe£aV8peiav  Trapa  TOVTO  TraXiv  opOwOfjvaL,  Trapa  TO 
<J>6dcrai  KpiQevra.  ra  Kara  TOV  Ilepo-ea  Trpay/xaTa. 

7.  INFINITIVE  WITH  T«  DENOTING  CAUSE,  MANNER,  MEANS, 
OR  INSTRUMENT  (=r).7*  —  The  infinitive  with  the  article  TO>  is  used 
to  indicate  the  cause,  manner,  means,  or  instrument  of  the  action 
or  state  of  the  principal  verb.  G.  MT.  799;  Kiih.  478,  4,  d. 

i)  a)  Cause. 

I.  68.  12   SOKOVVTCS  ovx  r)KL<TTa.  oV  tKcTvov  oAiywpeTcrftu  TO>  /U,^TC  Trpeo-/3evetv  Trpos 


1.  79.  7   TO)  8c  TroAXovs   Kat   rroAvv  VTT€p  avT^s  TreTTOifjo'Oat.  Xoyov  OVK  avajKalov 

fjyovfJitO'  en/at  TavToXoyetv. 

2.  39.  II    OVK  €-yw€TO  T<*>  fMj  Svvao-0aL  ^>vvat  Trpoo'TaT^v  a^tov  T^S  Trpoatpccrews. 

5.  48.  14  ovSci/  ^vvev  TW  (j>0d<Tai  Atoyej/r;]/  eis   avT^v  TrapetorTrco~ovTa.     5.  97.  6, 
102.  3;  6.  29.  4;  8.  32.  I2J   9.  2.  4,    2.  5,  4.  2. 

£)  After  verbs  of  emotion,  indicating  the  ground  of  emotion* 

3.  18.  3    $appowTas  TO)  SoKeTv  avTrjv  avd\o)TOV  VTrap^eiv. 

3.  68.  9   e£evt£ovTO  T<U  TO  o-v/x^e^Ko?  e?vat  Trapa  T^V  Trpoo-So/aav. 

3.  1  06.  4  ev^apaets  T<U  SoKctv.      5.  56.  5. 

4.  71.    5    SiryTropow  TO) 

5«  57»  ^   8vo~ap€CTTOV)U,€vai  TW 


<:)   Point  of  difference. 

I.  27.  II   r<3  /ACT/  Ta^wavTcTv  TroXv  Trep6)}o-av.   i.  51.  4. 


See  also  infinitive  with  rw  in  apposition. 
2)  Means. 

I.  46.  IO   6  Sc  'PoSios  OVTOJS   KaTavcoTr?   TWV    TroXc/xtW     Tiy    T€   ToX/x^    Kat    T<O 


3.  1  1  8.  9   T^  TOV  TToXtT€v/xaTOS   i8toTr;Tt  Kat  TO)  /SovXevecT^at  KaXws 

6.  51.  8. 
Also  10.  33.  5;  16.  14.  9- 

330 


THE    INFINITIVE    IN    POLYBIUS  43 

8.  INFINITIVE  WITH  TOV  AFTER  COMPARATIVES. l8 

a)  The  infinitive  with  TOV  is  used  after  comparatives  (=/).'7 
G.  MT.  798;  Kiih.  478,  4,  c. 

2.  7.  ioa   ov&v      €7rotT/(TavTO      TTpovytairepov     TOV     e/A/SaAetv    /cat    /caTao-Tr/o-ai. 
4.  66.  2;   8.  27.  6. 

2.  6l.  3    oi/cctoTepov  V7rdp\ov  TOV  €7rio"rjfJuaiv€O~Oa.i. 

3.  8l.  I    /cvptuJTepov  eivat  TOV  yvtovai. 

3.  III.  2    TI  /Aet£ov  TOV  Sta/cpt$7vat.  o.  14.  10. 

5.  31.  4   ovSev  dray/caioVepov  emit  TOV  /AT)  orv/ATrAe'/cetv.  8.  34.  4. 

6.  56.  2   o^Sev  ato-^tov  TOV  8u>po8oKeur#ai. 

1 8.  53.  3   TO    KaAois    aTToOavtw   TOV    tflv   aia^po);    irepi    irXetovos    7rotr;(rd/xevos. 

2.  64.  6  conjecture. 
30.  7.8.   ov  yap  cAaTToV  ecrrt  TOV  Trapa  TO  Ka&fjKov  <^>(Ao^a>€Tv. 

The  comparative  with  rj  and  roO  with  the  infinitive  does  not 
occur  in  Polybius. 

b)  o)9  with  the  infinitive  with  TOV  (=1/).1 

3.  12.  5   ovSevo?  /xoXAov    ^povTi^av    obs    TOV    /u,^    Xav^avctv    TO.?    wpoaipeWs, 
without  a  preceding  OVTO>S,  Kuh.  540,  A.  5. 

9.  PREDICATE  (=u).15 — The  infinitive  with  the  article  TO  is 
used  as  a  predicate  noun. 

2.  43.  8    TOVTO  7]v  TO  Ma/ceSovas  /u,€v  €Kj8aXctv. 

8.  2.  6   Sevrepos  ai/  cir;  TrAovs  TO  TWV  KaTa  Aoyov  <#)povTi^ctv. 

8.  4.  4   TOVTO  8'  €0-Tt  TO  V7TO  fJiLav  dp^v  dyayctv. 

11.  17.  2    TOVTO  8'  ^v  TO  fir)  Sia<£vyeiV  TOV  Ma^avt&xv. 

10.  GENITIVE  ABSOLUTE  (=w).9 — The  infinitive  with  TOV  is 
used  as  the  genitive  subject  of  the  neuter  impersonal  participle 
in  the  genitive  in  place  of  the  omitted  noun  or  pronoun.     G.  MT. 
798;  Kiih.  478,  4,  c. 

I.   60.    Ia    Trpoo-TrecrovTO?    avTots    TOV    TreTrAevKcVai    O"ToAa»    TOVS    'Pw/xatovs     Kat 

TraAiv  avTiTTOteto-^ai  Trjs  ^aAaTT^s. 

6.  24.  7*  dS^Aov  yap  OVTOS  /cat  TOV  TrotT/oxu  /cat  TOV  traOeiv  TI  TOV  ^ye/xova. 
IO.  36.  I2  /xeyaAov  yap  OVTO?  TOV  KaTopOovv  ev  Trpdy/tao-t  /cat  7T€ptytVco*^at  Taiv 

€x#po)v  ev  TaT?  CTrtjSoAats. 

12.  6b.  4   cvAoyov  yap  OVTOS  TOV  ?rpo<r7re7rot^o-^at. 
15.  30.  I    /ce/cpi/xevov  TOV  /catvoTO/xeTv  Tot?  dv8pao-tv. 

1 8.  34.  7    T^S  StopoSoKtas  CTriTroAa^OTxrr/s  /cat  TOV  (Jirjowa  /AryScv  Soopeav  TrpaTTCtv. 

331 


44  HISTORICAL    AND    LINGUISTIC    STUDIES 

This  construction,  which,  according  to  Spieker  (p.  326),  is 
"altogether  rare  in  Attic  prose,"  is  found  six  times  (nine  infini- 
tives) in  Polybius. 

ii.  ACCUSATIVE  ABSOLUTE  (=z).*  —  The  participle  of  imper- 
sonal verbs  in  the  neuter  accusative  singular  is  used  as  an  accu- 
sative absolute,  with  an  infinitive  with  TO.  G.  MT.  852;  Kiih. 
478,  4,  b;  487,  3. 


2.  6l.  3   ov8e   Kara  iro<rov  €Troirj<raTO  (JLvr)[Jir)V,  axTTrep  TO  TO,? 

<r6ai  TWV  7rpa£avT(ov  oiKCioVepov  inrap^ov  T^S  tcrropta?  TOV  ra  KaXa  KOL  Si/cata 
TWV  epywv 


12.  ACCUSATIVE  OF  RELATION  (=ri).7  —  The  infinitive  with  TO 
may  stand  in  free  relation  with  a  whole  sentence.  Hewlett  p.  278; 
G.  MT.  796;  Kith.  479,  i  end;  412,  3. 

9.  9.  26  TO  TreipaOfjvaL  Xvf.iv  rrjv  TroXiopKtav,  /cat  TO  CTT'  avrrjv  6p/x^crat  TT/V 
ePo>/xr;v,  K.T.X.  Tts  OVK  av  $au/xao-cu  TOV  Trpoetpiy/xevov  CTTI  TOI/TOIS  ^ye/xoVa; 

5.  31.  4  TO  8'  evTrapaKoXovOrjTOv  KOL  <ra(f>rj  yivevOai  TT/V  8t>yy^crtv  ovSev  arayKaio- 
Tcpov  T^yov/xc^'  ea/at  TOV  to)  o-v/XTrXeKav  dAA^Aais  TOLS  Trpa^ecs. 


13.     GENITIVE  OF  PRICE  (—  *).4  —  The  infinitive  with  TOU  is 
used  as  the  genitive  of  price.     Cf.  Kiih.  418,  7,  b,  /8. 

3.  96.  12  Xaftiov  Trap'  avTaii/  ^pTfjfjuara  TOV  /x/»)  TropOfjcrau  rrjv  \iapav. 
29.  8.  53  o  />i€v  yap  EvtieVrys  7yTa  TOV  /acv  i^crv^tav  «Xav  Ka^  ^ 
7revTa/coo-ta  TaXavTa,  TOV  8e  8iaXvo-at  TOV  TroXe/xov  ^i' 


332 


CHAPTER    III. 
USES  OF  THE  INFINITIVE  CHARACTERISTIC  OF  POLYBIUS. 

SIMPLE  INFINITIVE. — The  simple  infinitive  is  not  used  by 
Polybius  in  any  new  ways,  nor  does  he  employ  any  of  the  estab- 
lished usages  to  such  an  exceptional  extent  as  to  make  them 
characteristic  of  his  style. 

ARTICULAR  INFINITIVE. — Polybius  uses  the  articular  infinitive, 
first,  in  placing  the  article  before  a  simple  infinitive  which  gives 
him  a  noun,  TO  fjjy,  TO  vi/cdv;  and,  second,  in  placing  the  article 
before  a  whole  sentence,  which  may  then  be  governed  by  a  prepo- 
sition, thus  supplying  a  new  form  of  clause  to  indicate  time, 
cause,  purpose,  etc.  This  substantivized  sentence  may  become 
so  involved  that  an  infinitive  with  the  article  may  be  used  as  the 
subject  of  another  infinitive  with  the  article. 

Polybius  uses  the  articular  infinitive  very  frequently,  standing 
second  only  to  Demosthenes,  whose  use  per  page  is  higher,  if 
only  the  prepositions  (not  the  number  of  infinitives)  be  counted. 
And  yet  he  has  not  used  the  articular  infinitive  in  many  ways 
other  than  those  employed  by  classical  writers. 

Polybius'  innovations  are  (a)  the  genitive  of  price;  (3) 
TO)  like  pera  TO';  (<;)  Trpo?  TO  and  TT/OO?  TO>  with  ^ivo^ai  and 
and  (V)  7T/30?  TO  in  final  clauses. 

In  regard  to  frequency  of  use  xdpiv  TOV  largely  takes  the  place 
of  eve/ca  (eVe/cei>)  TOV;  Sia  TO,  eVl  TO*  of  cause  of  emotion,  TT/JO?  TO' 
and  /UCTO,  TO  are  very  frequently  used.  To  express  purpose 
besides  TOU  with  the  infinitive,  Polybius  uses  xc*PLV  rov>  eveica  TOV, 
eVl  TO?,  et?  TO  and  TT/OO?  TO'. 


333]  45 


CHAPTER  IV. 

TABLES  OF  THE  USES  OF  THE  INFINITIVE  IN  POLYBIUS  AND 
IN  BIBLICAL  GREEK. 

TABLE  I. 

SYMBOLS,  DESIGNATING  THE  VARIOUS  USES  OF  THE  ANARTHROUS  AND  THE 
ARTICULAR  INFINITIVE,  AND  THEIR  EQUIVALENTS.* 

a,  #  —  subject — anarth.,  artic.  with  TO. 

xi  =  subject  of  impersonal  verb  taking  infinitive  of  indirect  discourse  as  sub- 
ject—  anarth. 

b,  b,  bb,  bbb  —  object  —  anarth.,  artic,  with  TO,  TOV,  TO>  respectively. 
1  =  object,  after  verbs  of  bidding  —  anarth. 

*\  =  object,  after  verbs  introducing  indirect  discourse  —  anarth. 

v,  v—  object  of  verbs  of  hindering,  etc. — anarth.,  artic. 

k,  k  =  object  of  prepositions  —  anarth.,  artic. 

d,  e,  e  =  purpose,  distinct  and  specific — anarth.,  anarth.  with  wore,  artic. 

o  =  purpose,  modified  and  general — anarth. 

p,  f,  sf,  7  f, /=  result,  actual   or   hypothetical  —  anarth.,  anarth.  with  oxrre, 

o>o-T€  av,  wore  in  indirect  discourse,  artic.  with  TOV. 

s,  *  s,  s  =  epexegetic  or  explanatory  —  anarth.,  anarth.  with  WOTC,  artic.  with  TOV. 
h,  rh,  fr  =  limiting  nouns — anarth.,  anarth.  with  obs,  artic. 
g,  g  =  limiting  adjectives  —  anarth.,  artic. 
Ig  =  limiting  adverbs — anarth. 
q  =  limiting  pronouns  —  anarth. 

c,  c  —  in  apposition — anarth.,  artic.  with  TO,  TOV,  TO>. 

4f,  m  =  stipulation — anarth.  with  oWe,  with  e<£'  <S,  e<£'  O>TC. 

r  —  parenthetic  absolute — anarth.  with  and  without  <J>s. 

r  =  cause,  manner,  means  =  artic.  with  T<J>. 

/,  '/=•  after  comparatives — artic.  with  TOV,  artic.  with  TOV  and  <us. 

u,  u  =  predicate — anarth.,  artic.  with  TO. 

w,  iv  =  genitive  absolute  —  anarth.,  artic.  with  TOV. 

z,  z  =  accusative  absolute — anarth.,  artic.  with  TO. 

x  =  with  TrpiV,  Trplv  r/,  Trporepov  r)  —  anarth. 

x  —  genitive  of  price — artic.  with  TOV. 

n  —  accusative  of  relation  —  artic.  with  TO. 

1  Symbols  in  roman  letters  refer  to  the  anarthrous  infinitive  (abbreviated  "  anarth."); 
those  in  italics,  to  the  articular  infinitive  (abbreviated  "  artic.").  These  symbols  are 
the  same  as  those  used  by  Votaw  where  the  use  of  the  infinitive  in  Polybius  is  the 
same  as  the  use  in  biblical  Greek,  other  symbols  being  added  for  uses  of  the  infinitive 
which  are  found  in  Polybius,  but  not  in  biblical  Greek. 

46  [334 


THE    INFINITIVE    IN    POLYBIUS 


47 


THE  second  column  of  figures  in  the  following  table  shows  the 
average  number  of  infinitives  per  page,  the  count  being  based  on 
Hultsch's  edition  of  Polybius  and  Swete's  edition  of  the  Septua- 
gint.  Since,  however,  the  pages  in  these  editions  are  unequal  in 
length,  these  figures  require  correction  to  show  the  actual  ratio 
of  frequency,  the  pages  of  Genesis  and  II  Maccabees  containing 
about  one-fourth  more  words,  the  pages  of  the  Wisdom  of  Sirach 
about  one-fourth  fewer,  than  those  of  Polybius,  and  the  pages 
of  IV  Maccabees  about  the  same  as  those  of  Polybius.  The 
third  column  gives  the  figures  of  the  second  column  corrected 
for  these  inequalities  and  reduced  to  the  basis  of  a  page  of  the 
length  of  the  Polybius  page. 

TABLE  II. 
RELATIVE  FREQUENCY  OF  INFINITIVES  IN  POLYBIUS  AND  IN  BIBLICAL  GREEK. 


Average  Number  to  Page 

Polybius,  1412  pages  — 
No.  of   infinitives  

11,265 

9,364 
1,901 

319 
187 
132 

204 
164 

40 

393 
360 

33 

187 
171 
16 

7-95 
6.6 

1-35 

3-097 
I.8I55 
1.2815 

1.84 
1.48 
•36 

8-543 
7.826 
.717 

5.666 
5.181 
.485 

7-95 
6.6 

1-35 

2.32 
1.36 
.96 

2.30 
1.85 
•45 

6.407 
5.869 
.538 

5.666 
5.181 
.485 

No.  of  anarth.   inf  s  

Genesis,  103  pages  — 
No.  of  infinitives            ....            .... 

No.  of  anarth.   infs                

No.  of  artic.  infs  

Wisdom  of  Sirach,  in  pages  — 

No.  of  anarth.  infs  

No.  of  artic.  infs 

II  Maccabees,  46  pages  — 
No.  of  infinitives  . 

No.  of  anarth.  infs  

No.  of  artic.  infs  

IV  Maccabees,  33  pages  — 

No.  of  anarth    infs                                            » 

No.  of  artic.  infs.  . 

Table  III  shows  the  total  number  of  occurrences  of  each  tense 
of  the  infinitive  in  each  of  the  several  uses  of  the  infinitive. 
For  the  meaning  of  the  symbols,  a,  i,  b,  etc.,  see  Table  I. 

Of  the  whole  number  of  occurrences  of  the  infinitive,  11,265, 
there  are  7,074  presents,  2924  aorists,  726  perfects,  and  541 
futures.  The  ordinary  grammatical  distinction  between  the  differ- 
ent tenses  is  preserved.  The  chief  use  of  the  future  infinitive  is 
in  indirect  discourse  437  times,  mainly  after  verbs  of  hoping, 

335 


48 


HISTORICAL    AND    LINGUISTIC    STUDIES 


TABLE  III. 
THE  TENSES  OF  THE  INFINITIVE  IN  POLYBIUS  AND  THEIR   USES. 


ANARTHROUS 

ARTICULAR 

ARTICULAR 

~ 

Pres. 

Aor. 

Fut. 

Perf. 

Pres. 

Aor. 

Fut. 

Pref. 

Pres. 

Aor. 

Fut. 

Perf 

670 

J 

IO7 

a 

TJ.C 

98 

Yapif.  . 

OQ 

!}" 

76 

14 

3 

16 

b  

•"•TO 

17 

3 

i 

Trepi'  .  .  . 

11 

10 

i 

2 

b       ! 

2J 

2394 
1399 

1056 
270 

65 
437 

18 
365 

bb.... 

666.... 

17 
3 

15 

2 

12 
17 

13 
5 

3 

I 

3 

V 

28 

9 

3 

v  

71 

7 

I 

ipffcfly. 

4 

ii 

C. 

5° 

27 

3 

i 

c  

23 

24 

I 

TTPO.... 

4 

8 

f. 

260 

IO5 

18 

ew?.  ..  . 

3 

5 

5f 

5 

10 

i 

TrAvyi' 

2 

3 

i 

7f 

5 

X<*>pl's.  . 

2 

3 

s. 

ii 

3 

n  

i 

6 

jne^pi 

3 

is 

7 

t  

T3 

4 

«£«»... 

2 

4f 

7 

6 

if  

i 

ai/eu.. 

i 

m 

18 

5 

i 

a/aa  .  . 

31 

84 

h 

124 

34 

2 

5 

h  

47 

15 

2 

2 

€771 

28 

7 

16 

ih 

75 

i 
43 

2 

g  

14 

3 

I 

ev.... 

19 
8 

5 

i 

i 

ig 

Sia..'.' 

338 

39 

3 

124 

2 

43 

i 

6 

i 

k  

705 

372 

9 

152 

Trpos  .  . 

98 

38 

Si 

34 

i 

i 
i 

d 

10 

2 

I 

CTTl  .... 

30 

9 

e.  ..   . 

8 

e  

5 

7 

/u.era  .. 

3 

29 

i 

o...   . 

18 

7 

Trepi'  .  .  . 

ii 

i 

r  .  . 

__ 

2O 

m 

M 

60 

3 

1C 

TTCtOCt 

j 

u  .  .   . 

23 

3 

2 

u  

3 

12 

w  .  .   . 

10 

i 

7 

IV  

5 

2 

2 

X   .  .     . 

3 

28 

i 

X   

i 

3 

z.  ..    . 

6 

2 

z  

i 

Total. 

5942 

2350 

530 

542 

Total.. 

1132 

574 

II 

184 

Total.. 

70S 

372 

9 

152 

promising,  swearing,  etc.,  which  allow  the  object  infinitive  both 
in  direct  and  indirect  discourse.  It  is  used  with  the  article  but 
II  times,  9  of  these  instances  being  after  prepositions. 

The  predominance  of  the  present  over  the  aorist  is  very 
marked  as  compared  with  the  use  of  these  tenses  in  biblical 
Greek.  In  Polybius  for  every  aorist  infinitive  there  are  2.42 
present  infinitives.  In  biblical  Greek,  according  to  Votaw  (p.  49) 
there  are  in  all  biblical  Greek  8,972  infinitives,  of  which  3,327 
are  in  the  present  tense  and  5,484  in  the  aorist  tense.  Therefore 
in  biblical  Greek  the  aorist  predominates  over  the  present  in  the 
ratio  of  1 .65  to  I.  Biblical  Greek  does  not  use  the  future  infini- 
tive with  the  article,  a  use  which  is  found  twice  in  Polybius 
(3.48.2;  7.  15.  4)  after  e'XTTt?,  and  9  times  after  prepositions:  xdpiv 
TOV,  4.  9.  5;  Trepi  roi),  14.  3.  3;  vTrep  roi),  5.  1 8.  6;  5.  94.  9  (e\7rl? 
vTrep  TOU;  24.  II.  14;  Bta  TO,  3.  5.  82;  32.  16.  2;  et?  TO,  9.  8.  II. 

If  we  compare  the  uses  of  the  infinitive  in  Polybius  with  those 
in  biblical  Greek  (Genesis,  Wisdom  of  Sirach,  II  and  IV  Macca- 
bees), we  obtain  the  following  statistics  (Table  IV): 


THE    INFINITIVE    IN    POLYBIUS 


49 


1  s. 


«  : 


* 


H«"iSS 


w    CO  M    O>vO 


Ijhtai 


«    U, 


•  a 


00    IN    C 

E1"" 

rn^c 
r  to  >- 

:  : 

i  : 

„  ?^* 

H       • 

11     ?d^ 

M      • 

,,      yj-art 

<^lvO    -s 

m  N 

h    • 

11         1J" 

SI  : 

u            5?' 

5** 

•* 

„        5?d* 

S,  :" 

m 

•OOB          ?1? 

r 

~«      H 

H        3?djt 

u 

- 

M                   "? 

efjra 

>    ! 

11                1'ttS 

•JBp        »WW 

i?  : 

,,           OJtlp 

i,         rtj"? 

M  : 

,.            Wfc 

M      • 

: 

„      ^^.^ 

CO     • 

„    SidwX 

irj    • 

M          '•j'Y* 

VO     • 

•    ^ 

11          Sm,? 

00  ro 

11      ?djt 

W  \O 

M     M 

H 

..        .H.V..11 

U1      • 

»? 

U1      • 

N      • 

M 

„          *•«« 

«  : 

j 

>»           ?(''Jt 

?H 

•    M 

•a»3  rfidpX 

8,  : 

M 

li* 

^  C   V 

&&* 

J  c 

II 

337 


50 


HISTORICAL    AND    LINGUISTIC    STUDIES 


Again,  comparing  the  uses  of  the  tenses  of  the  infinitive  in 
Polybius  and  in  the  whole  field  of  biblical  Greek  (LXX,  Apo- 
crypha, and  New  Testament),  using  Votaw's  results,  we  obtain 
the  following  statistics,  reckoned  absolutely  and  by  percentages: 

TABLE  V. 

COMPARATIVE  STATISTICS  OF  THE  INFINITIVE  IN  POLYBIUS  AND  BIBLICAL 
GREEK,  ACCORDING  TO  TENSES. 


Percentage 

No    of 

11,265 

«    (i 

7,074 

.628 

«    « 

2  024 

26 

.064 

oerf      "     "     " 

726 

.048 

•*»**• 

No    of 

all   infs    in  bib    Gk             .        . 

8,072 

I.  00 

pres     "      "     "       " 

2  -227 

.3708 

«     « 

aor       «"««»«                           ...          

^,484 

.6112 

«     « 

fut.      "      "     "       "     .  .        

74 

.0082 

«     « 

perf.    "      "     "       " 

87 

.0098 

No.  of 

Anarthrous  infs.  in  Pol  

9,364 

I  .0000 

«     <« 

"           pres.  infs.  in  Pol  

5,942 

.635 

«     u 

"           aor.      "       "     "     

2,350 

.25 

«     it 

fut.       "       "     "     

53° 

.057 

«     <i 

"           perf     "       "     " 

C42 

.058 

No.  of 

Anarthrous  infs.  in  bib.  Gk  

6,197 

I.  000 

"           pres    infs    in  bib    Gk 

.38 

"     " 

aor.       "      "      "      "     

3,708 

.60 

<«      « 

perf.      "      "      "      "     

74 

58 

.009 

No    of 

Articular  infs.  in  Pol.        .            . 

I  QOI 

I  .000 

<«      « 

"         pres.  infs.  in  Pol.  .        .... 

I   132 

CQC 

«<     « 

"         aor.      "      "       "    

1:74 

302 

«      <« 

fut.       "      "       "   

II 

.006 

<.      « 

perf.     "      "       "   . 

184 

.007 

No    of 

Articular  infs  in  bib   Gk 

2  77^ 

1.  000 

«     « 

"         pres.  infs.  in  bib.  Gk 

Q70 

•JC 

x        i< 

"         aor.      '•      "     "      "             

I  776 

64 

«        « 

fut.       "      "     °      "     

o 

.00 

«        « 

"         perf.    "      "      '"      "    . 

20 

.01 

I.  00 

338 


CHAPTER  V. 

COMPARISON  OF  THE  USES  OF  THE  INFINITIVE  IN  POLYBIUS 
AND  IN  BIBLICAL  GREEK. 

IN  looking  at  the  foregoing  tables  of  the  average  use  of  the 
infinitive  per  page  in  the  books  under  examination,  we  are  struck 
with  the  fact  that  Polybius  has  the  highest  average  of  all,  and 
that  there  is  a  large  difference  between  the  averages  of  the  trans- 
lated books  (Genesis  and  Wisdom  of  Sirach)  and  the  untrans- 
lated books  (II  and  IV  Maccabees).  We  also  see  that  the  aver- 
ages of  II  and  IV  Maccabees  stand  much  nearer  to  Polybius  than 
they  do  to  Genesis  and  the  Wisdom  of  Sirach. 

Considering  that  Polybius  does  not  use  the  infinitive  in  any 
unusual  ways,  and  that  there  existed  usages  which  he  did  not 
employ,  the  question  arises:  What  causes  the  low  averages  in 
numbers  and  the  comparatively  few  usages  which  Genesis  and 
Wisdom  of  Sirach  employ,  and  what  is  the  reason  for  the  high 
averages  in  II  and  IV  Maccabees  and  for  the  large  difference  in 
the  number  of  occurrences  of  the  infinitive  in  all  four  books  of 
biblical  Greek? 

Looking  at  the  tables,  we  find  27  uses  of  the  anarthrous  infini- 
tive: a,  M,  b,  2i,  v,  c,  f,  5f,  7f,  s,  's,  4f,  m,  h,  'h,  g,  lg,  q,  k,  d,  e,  o, 
r,  u,  w,  x,  z;  and  1 8  uses  of  the  articular  infinitive:  a,  b,  bb,  bbb, 
v,  c,  n,  f,  ltt  h,  g,  k,  e,  r,  u,  w,  x,  z.  Of  these  45  uses,  Genesis 
employs  20,  viz.:  a,  b,2i,  c,  s,  h,  g,  k,  d,  e,  o,  bb,  v,  c,  st  t,h,g,k,e; 
Wisdom  of  Sirach  employs  18,  viz.:  a,  b,  2i,  v,  s,  h,  g,  k,  d,  o,  x,  a, 
bb,  v,  h,  g,  k,  e;  II  Maccabees  employs  14,  viz.:  a,  b,  2i,  f,  s,  h,  g, 
d,  e,  x,  a,  b,  k,  e;  and  IV  Maccabees  employs  16,  viz.:  a,  b,  2i,  v, 
f,  h,  g,  d,  e,  x,  a,  b,  bb,  v,  h,  k. 


339]  51 


CHAPTER   VI. 

USES  OF  THE  INFINITIVE    FOUND   IN    BIBLICAL   GREEK    BUT 
NOT   IN    POLYBIUS. 

IN  Genesis  we  find  the  usage  s;  in  Genesis  and  Wisdom  of 
Sirach,  the  usage/;  in  Wisdom  of  Sirach  and  II  Maccabees,  the 
usage  p;  in  II  Maccabees,  the  usage  1;  and  in  IV  Maccabees, 
airb  TOV  with  the  infinitive,  none  of  which  is  found  in  Polybius. 

1.  THE  INFINITIVE  AFTER  VERBS   OF  BIDDING  (  —  1). 

II    Mace.    1:10    ot  ev  rfj  'lovScua   Kai   17   yepova-ta   /cat   'lovSas   ' 

Xaipeiv  KOL  vyuu'vetv. 

9:19   rots  'lovSatots  TroXXa  ^ai/oetv  KCU  vyiaiVeiv  /cat  ev  Trpa.TTC.iv  /3acr<Aei>s  ' 
1  1  :  1  6   Avcrtas  ra>  TrXrjBu  raiv  'lovScuW  ^at/oetv- 

This  use  is  merely  a  sub-class  of  the  object  infinitive,  the  verb 
of  which  the  infinitive  is  the  object  being  omitted.  It  is  the 
stereotyped  form  of  address  used  in  letters,  and  is  not  confined 
to  biblical  Greek,  but  is  found  in  II  Maccabees  only  because 
several  letters  are  there  quoted.  It  occurs  also  in  I  Esdras  and 
I  Maccabees.  If  Polybius  had  quoted  letters,  the  usage  would 
have  been  found  in  his  history. 

2.  RESULT. 

i)   Actual  or  hypothetical. 

a]  Without  attendant  particle  (=p).  —  This  usage,  found  in 
Wisdom  of  Sirach  and  II  Maccabees,  does  not  occur  in  Polybius 
nor  in  Attic  Greek.  G.  MT.  585,  775;  Kith.  473,  7;  583,  2. 

Wis.    Sir.    5:  5     Trepi    e^iXaoyxoO    (Mr)    a<£o/3os    ytVov,    TrpodBuvai    a/xaprtav    e<£' 


II  Mace.   3:  24    KaraTrXayevTas  Trjv  TOV  Oeov  Swa/xtv,  eis  €K\VCTLV  KCU    SetAcav 


12:42    TrapeKaXetre  TO  TrX^o?  cruvr^petv  avrovs  dva/xaprr/TOUS  etrai. 

In  the  older  language  (Homer  and  Hesiod)  the  simple  infini- 
tive is  used  to  express  result.1  The  tendency,  however,  was  to 
the  use  of  wo-re  with  the  infinitive  as  being  more  exact,  and  this 
use  superseded  the  former  in  later  Greek,  especially  Attic.  In 

1  Karassek,  p.  13;  Herodotus  i.  176  Kalecrdcu;  ii.  7  etvai;  iii.  149  voT)<rai',  iv.  79 
fj.alve<r6ai;  vii.  194  aTroX&rtfcu  after  ofrrw. 

52  [340 


THE    INFINITIVE    IN    POLYBIUS  53 

the  use  in  biblical  Greek  of  the  simple  infinitive  to  express  result, 
besides  the  use  of  &o-re  with  the  infinitive,  we  have  but  a  partial 
return  to  the  older  construction,  which  may  have  been  used  at 
least  in  the  language  of  daily  speech  even  when  the  recognized 
literary  form  was  o><rre  with  the  infinitive. 

£)  The  infinitive  with  TOV  (=/). — This  usage,  found  three 
times  in  Genesis  and  twice  in  Wisdom  of  Sirach,  does  not  occur 
in  Polybius  nor  in  classic  Greek.  Kick.  478,  4,  c;  Blass  71,  3. 

Actual: 

Gen.    l6:2     loOV  <TVVf.K\U(TfV  /U,£  KvptOS  TOV  fJLr)  TLKTUV. 

Wis.  Sir.  44:  8   etcriv  avrwv  01  Kare'XtTrov  oVo/xa  TOV  fKOirjyijo'ao'OaL  tTrat'vovs. 

Hypothetical: 

Gen.  19:  2O   loov  -rj  TroXts  avrrj  eyyu?  TOV  Ka.Ta<pvy€iv  /u,e  €/cet.  . 

Wis.  Sir.  42:  I    KCU  fjirj  kd/Srjs  TrpooxoTTW  TOV  d/xapravetv. 

2)  Epexegetic  or  explanatory  infinitives  with  TOV  (  =  s). — The 
infinitive  with  TOV  is  employed  "for  epexegesis,  where  the  simple 
infinitive  with  or  without  were  might  have  been  used,  and  where 
the  meaning  of  the  genitive  has  been  lost  in  the  mixture  of  con- 
sequence and  purpose.  This  is  very  common  in  the  LXX,  b 
with  the  infinitive  denoting  both  design  and  consequence" 
( Winer- Moulton,  p.  410,  b).  "We  must  recognize  in  this  usage  an 
exaggeration  of  declining  (Hellenistic)  Greek,  unless  we  prefer 
to  resort  to  unnatural  interpretations.  It  would  seem  that  the 
infinitive  with  TOV  had  come  to  be  regarded  by  the  Hellenists  as 
the  representative  of  the  Hebrew  infinitive  with  b  in  its  mani- 
fold relations;  and,  as  usually  happens  in  the  case  of  established 
formulas,  the  proper  signification  of  the  genitive  was  no  longer 
thought  of"  (ibid.,  p.  411) ;  cf.  Gildersleeve,  AJ.P.,  Vol.  XXVII, 
pp.  105,  106. 

Gen.  3:22  'I8ou  'A8a/A  yeyovev  ws  cl?  f£  ^/AWV,  TOV  yivwer/ceti/  KaXov  Kat  irovrjpov. 
19:  19  o  Troias  CTT'  e/xe  TOV  £f)v  TYJV  «/^XT/v  /xov>  31:  2OJ  47:  29- 

3.  PREPOSITIONAL  OBJECT  (  =  &). —  In  IV  Maccabees  the 
infinitive  is  used  once  with  avro  TOV  to  express  source  or  cause 
where  Polybius  would  have  used  eV 

IV  Mace.  6:  7    Kai  TTITTTWV  cis  TO  !8a<£o9,  airo  TOV  pr)  (frtpav  TO  o-w/xa  TOLS  d\yr}- 
,  opOov  £txev  Ka^  aKAivi;  Tov 

341 


CHAPTER  VII. 

CAUSES  OF  THE  PECULIARITIES  IN  THE  USE   OF  THE  INFINI- 
TIVE IN  THE  BIBLICAL  BOOKS. 

WE  ask  then: 

I.  What  are  the  peculiarities  of  the  use  of  the  infinitive  in  the 
biblical  books  under  discussion? 

II.  What  are  the  causes  of  these  peculiarities? 

Each  of  the  four  biblical  books  must  be  examined  separately, 
since  no  two  of  them  were  written  by  the  same  person,  and  dif- 
ferences of  style  must  be  taken  into  consideration,  and  since  two 
of  the  books,  Genesis  and  Wisdom  of  Sirach,  were  translations 
from  Hebrew  into  Greek.  Translations  differ  according  to  the 
method  and  purpose  of  the  translator,  and  his  knowledge  of  the 
languages  with  which  he  has  to  deal. 

If  the  purpose  is  to  make  an  extremely  literal  translation, 
reproducing  each  word  and  construction  of  the  original,  the  result 
will  be  a  translation  which  will  be  worthless  from  a  literary  point 
of  view — one  which  may  even  obscure  the  thought  of  the  original 
as  a  result  of  this  literal  method. 

If,  on  the  other  hand,  the  purpose  be  to  produce  a  translation 
which  shall  be  good  from  a  literary  point  of  view,  the  translator 
may  change  the  thought  of  the  original,  because  of  inability  to 
reproduce  the  thought  of  the  original  in  the  translation. 

Aside  from  the  purpose  of  the  translator,  his  knowledge  of 
either  language  will  play  an  important  part  in  the  result  of  the 
work;  for  it  can  be  easily  seen  that,  no  matter  what  the  transla- 
tor's ability  may  be  in  other  directions,  if  his  knowledge  of  either 
language  is  deficient,  the  resulting  translation  will  be  wanting 
in  literary  value  or  in  the  reproduction  of  the  thought  of  the 
original. 

It  is  well  known  that  the  Hebrew  people  laid  great  stress  on 
the  value  of  the  letter  of  their  sacred  writings,  so  that  when  it 
became  necessary  to  translate  them  it  was  but  natural,  from  their 

54  [342 


THE    INFINITIVE    IN    POLYBIUS  55 

point  of  view,  to  endeavor  to  present  the  original  as  closely  as 
possible  in  the  translation.  Moreover,  the  translation  was  made 
for  Jews,  not  for  Greeks.  The  Jews  of  the  Dispersion,  for  whom 
the  translation  was  made,  had  so  far  forgotten  the  language  of 
their  nation  that  even  the  efforts  of  the  interpreter  in  the  syna- 
gogue, who  turned  the  Scriptures  into  the  spoken  Aramaic,  were 
of  no  aid  to  them  in  understanding  the  lessons.  The  Jews  of  the 
Dispersion  above  mentioned  were  descendants  of  those  Jews  who 
had  fled  or  been  carried  to  Egypt  and  who  had  grown  up  under 
Greek  influence,  chiefly  in  Alexandria,  where  they  had  been  given 
a  part  of  the  city  to  themselves  and  had  been  granted  civil  rights. 
The  language  of  these  Jews  was  Greek,  and  they  must  have  the 
Law  in  Greek  if  they  were  to  understand  it.  Their  Greek,  how- 
ever, was  not  the  Greek  of  the  educated  native  Greek,  but  was 
presumably  the  language  of  the  Alexandrian  streets  and  markets — 
a  composite  of  the  terms  of  the  Egyptian  seaport.  Alexandria 
was  a  thriving  city,  and,  situated  as  it  was,  with  its  population 
made  up  of  many  different  peoples,  the  one  language  of  inter- 
course between  all  the  inhabitants  must  certainly  feel  the  effects 
of  the  mixture  of  races  which  spoke  it.  The  speakers  would 
naturally  be  affected  by  their  native  idiom,  and  by  their  manner 
of  life  and  thought. 

GENESIS. — Turning  now  to  the  Book  of  Genesis,  fresh  from 
the  reading  of  Polybius,  we  feel  at  once  that  this  is  not  Greek 
such  as  a  Greek  would  have  written  or  even  have  spoken  in  ordi- 
nary life.  If  it  was  a  spoken  or  written  language,  it  must  have 
been  that  of  persons  whose  manner  of  life  and  thought  was  very 
different  from  that  of  native  Greeks.  Not  to  speak  of  other  non- 
Greek  aspects  of  the  language  (for  that  would  lead  away  from 
the  study  of  the  infinitive) ,  there  is  here  no  balancing  of  sen- 
tences, no  subordination  of  part  to  part  in  order  to  make  an 
orderly  whole.  The  narrative  is  made  up  of  short  declarative 
statements  connected  in  groups  by  the  simple  connective.  Quo- 
tations, instead  of  being  given  in  the  subordinate  form  of  indirect 
discourse,  are  quoted  in  the  words  of  the  speaker.  If  Polybius 
had  written  in  this  style,  the  two  great  groups  of  subject  and 
object  infinitives  would  have  been  reduced  to  a  minimum,  and 

343 


56  HISTORICAL    AND    LINGUISTIC    STUDIES 

the  whole  average  number  of  simple  infinitives  used  would  not 
have  been  any  higher  than  in  Genesis.  Polybius'  history  would 
have  become  as  formless  as  the  Greek  of  Genesis,  and  would  have 
given  no  pleasure  to  the  reader. 

Out  of  187  simple  infinitives,  Genesis  has  used  the  simple 
infinitive  77  times  to  express  purpose  (d),  which  Polybius  has 
used  very  sparingly,  only  13  times  in  his  whole  work.  In  Gene- 
sis there  are  but  4  occurrences  of  the  infinitive  with  et?  TO,  and 
but  7  of  the  infinitive  with  coa-re  to  express  purpose,  and  we  look 
in  vain  for  the  many  other  ways  which  Polybius  had  of  express- 
ing it.  We  see,  therefore,  why  there  is  such  a  large  use  made 
of  this  infinitive.  It  is  because  the  translator  has  used  it  almost 
to  the  exclusion  of  the  other  ways  of  expressing  purpose.  Very 
likely  it  was  the  form  used  most  frequently  in  the  dialect  which 
he  employed  in  everyday  life.  It  certainly  was  the  simplest 
form  he  could  have  used. 

In  comparison  with  its  use  of  the  simple  infinitive,  Genesis 
makes  a  very  large  use  of  the  articular  infinitive,  but  this  large 
proportion  is  due  rather  to  the  infrequent  use  of  the  simple 
infinitive  than  to  an  abnormally  frequent  use  of  the  articular 
infinitive.  Nearly  all  of  the  uses  of  the  articular  infinitive  are 
with  prepositions  in  clauses  to  express  time,  ev  ro>  while,  Trpb  TOV 
before,  pera  TO  after,  e&>?  TOV  until. 

The  usage  s  has  been  largely  affected  by  Hebraistic  influence, 
though  it  may  not  have  been  due  merely  to  the  effort  of  the 
translator  to  reproduce  Hebrew  b  with  the  infinitive,  but  may 
have  been  used  in  the  speech  of  the  Alexandrian  Jews.  In 
whatever  way  it  may  be  viewed,  it  is  but  an  extension  of  the 
usage  f  (rov  c.  infinitive  =  Result). 

The  epexegetical  character  of  the  articular  infinitive  may  be 
seen  in  the  infinitive  with  TO',  TOV,  or  TO>  in  apposition  with  a  pre- 
ceding demonstrative  in  the  accusative,  genitive,  or  dative,  the 
fact  that  it  is  used  with  TOV,  when  some  other  case  would  be 
expected  being  due  to  the  influence  of  the  Hebrew  particle  b. 

WISDOM  OF  SIRACH. — The  average  of  infinitives  in  Wisdom  of 
Sirach  is  almost  the  same  as  that  in  Genesis  and  the  causes  of 
this  are  the  same.  The  translator  has  shown  in  his  prologue 

344 


THE    INFINITIVE    IN    POLYBIUS  57 

what  he  might  have  done  in  the  way  of  writing  better  Greek,  if 
he  had  not  been  hampered  by  the  form  in  which  his  translation 
is  cast.  In  the  prologue  of  only  22  lines  there  are  13  infinitives, 
used  as  follows:  a,  b,  i,  d,  o,  k  —  a  goodly  array  for  so  short  a 
bit.  But  though  the  translator  could  write  Greek,  he  did  not 
'feel  at  liberty  to  present  the  translation  in  Greek  form.  He  has 
simply  turned  the  writing  of  his  grandfather  into  Greek  words, 
clinging  to  the  parallelism  of  the  Hebrew  original. 

Of  the  31  occurrences  of  the  articular  infinitive  24  are  with 
ev  TO)  denoting  time  while,  4  with  /JLCTOL  TO  of  time  after  which,  2 
with  et?  TO  to  denote  purpose,  while  the  one  occurrence  of  TT/OO?  TO 
is  due  to  the  prologue. 

If  the  translator  of  Wisdom  of  Sirach  could  have  brought  him- 
self to  throw  aside  the  characteristically  Hebrew  form  of  the 
original  and  clothe  it  entirely  in  a  Greek  dress,  he  might  have 
left  us  a  better  monument  of  the  Alexandrian  dialect.  As  it 
is,  he  employs  two  uses  of  the  infinitive,  one  of  which,  /,  he 
has  in  common  with  Genesis,  the  other,  p,  in  common  with 
II  Maccabees. 

II  AND  IV  MACCABEES. —  Looking  at  the  tables  of  the  uses 
of  the  infinitive,  when  we  come  to  II  and  IV  Maccabees  we  are 
prepared  for  a  different  state  of  things.  We  see  that  the  average 
of  use  of  the  infinitive  is  high,  and  the  tables  tell  us  the  reason. 
There  is  large  use  made  of  all  the  uses  of  the  infinitive  which 
these  books  have  in  common  with  Polybius.  Subject  and  object 
infinitives  occur  very  frequently,  the  infinitive  of  purpose  drops 
down,  ware  with  the  infinitive  appears  again,  the  infinitive  of 
indirect  discourse  is  found  more  frequently,  the  uses  of  the  articu- 
lar infinitive  are  scattered,  and  several  prepositions  are  used  with 
the  articular  infinitive.  When  we  read  II  and  IV  Maccabees,  we 
see  the  reason  for  this.  The  sentences  are  balanced,  part  being 
subordinated  to  part,  in  the  effort  to  produce  a  flowing  style  so 
that  we  shall  not  have  a  series  of  statements  strung  together  like 
beads  upon  a  string,  but  so  that  the  thought  shall  be  expressed 
as  a  united  whole,  each  link  in  the  chain  being  necessary  to  the 
unity  of  the  sentence.  The  frequent  use  of  the  participle  in 
all  its  significations  appears  again,  while  subordinate  clauses  of 

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58  HISTORICAL    AND    LINGUISTIC    STUDIES 

purpose  and  result,  time  and  cause,  are  used,  all  of  which  builds 
up  the  sequence  of  thought  in  orderly  style. 

The  only  uses  of  the  infinitives  in  these  two  books,  which  are 
not  also  found  in  Polybius,  as  has  been  stated  above,  are  1,  p,  and 
the  use  of  airo  rov  with  the  infinitive.  But  each  of  these  might 
have  been  used  by  him  and  do  not  show  Hebraistic  influence. 


346 


CHAPTER  VIII. 
CONCLUSION. 

FROM  the  foregoing  we  conclude: 

1.  That  the  translators  of  the  books  of  the  Old  Testament 
were  largely  influenced  by  their  desire  to  keep  as  close  as  possible 
to  the  form  of  the  language  of  their  sacred  books.     This  influ- 
ence was  responsible  for  the  style  and  grammar  of  the  transla- 
tions   which    they    produced.     Owing  to  the  simplicity  of  the 
Hebrew  style,  which  is  retained  in  the  translation,  the  structure 
of  the  Greek  is  very  simple,  so  that  subordinate  sentences  are 
few,  and  the  highly  developed  and  varied  syntactical  structure  of 
the  Greek  language  finds  no  use  here.     Still,  such  grammatical 
constructions  as  are  used  are  in  the  main  Greek,  though  some  are 
found  which,  while  Greek  in  form,  owe  their  frequency  of  use  to 
the  influence  of  the  Hebrew  original. 

2.  That  the  authors  of  those  books  which  are  not  translations, 
but  were  originally  written  in  Greek,  show  a  much  greater  free- 
dom in  the  use  of  the  language.     They  are  not  hampered  by  the 
effort  to  preserve  as  nearly  as  possible  the  form  of  an  original, 
the  very  letters  of  which  were  sacred,  so  that,  while  the  thought 
which  they  wish  to  express  is  foreign  to  the  native  Greek  and 
colors  somewhat  the  language  in  which  it  is  expressed,  still  the 
language  is  a  living  one,  Greek  at  heart,  though  tinged  by  ele- 
ments which  it  has  absorbed  in  a  foreign  land.      If  the  reader  will 
ignore  the  thought  and  read  the  language  alone,  he  will  feel  and 
see  that  he  is  reading  Greek. 

3.  That  the  same  is  true  of  the  authors  of  the  books  of  the 
New  Testament,  though  true  of  some  more  than  others.     Thought 
will  color  language,  and  when  the  thought  is  foreign  to  the  people 
in  whose  language  the  thought  is  expressed,  the  language  will  be 
affected,  chiefly,  of  course,  in  the  new  meanings  given  to  words, 
not  necessarily  in  new  syntactical  uses.     The  syntax  depends 
upon  the  ability,  purpose,  and  linguistic  knowledge  of  the  author 
347]  59 


60  HISTOKICAL    AND    LINGUISTIC    STUDIES 

or  translator.  The  syntax  of  the  infinitive  in  the  New  Testament 
is  like  that  of  the  books  of  the  Apocrypha  originally  written  in 
Greek.  It  uses  those  infinitival  constructions  (1  5  times,  p  12 
times,/ 3  times,  s  once)  which  were  found  in  the  four  Old  Testa- 
ment and  apocryphal  books,  but  not  in  Polybius;  and  in  addition 
the  imperative  infinitive,  a  true  Greek  use  (G.  MT.  784;  Kith. 
474,  a)  which  is  found  once  (Philippians  3: 16). 


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348 


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